tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87148668969809807062024-03-12T22:42:48.533-07:00Civilian Conservation Corps Resource PageA resource page for people interested in the history and legacy of the Civilian Conservation CorpsUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger58125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-83370747593627647972023-11-30T19:00:00.000-08:002023-11-30T19:00:51.245-08:00Something to (hopefully) get the ball rolling again.<p> The post listing shows that I haven't posted anything here since 2014. Some of the drive has gone out of me but I still maintain my files and books related to the Civilian Conservation Corps and I still plan on posting more regularly, hopefully soon.</p><p>For those who may have posted a question or comment, I apologize if I failed to get back to you. I can't promise that I'll do better going forward but I'll sure try.</p><p>For starters I'll need to pick up with my State By State posts, even if it's in an abbreviated form. For the time being, I'll post some CCC related images for your enjoyment until such time as I can dig out my files and really write up something worthy of your time and attention. Thank you for checking in.</p><p>Remnants of Camp DG-9-A in Arlington, Arizona.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTaCRnzXV_A11H7ysSmdHECviLvKgXiWdY7zPf9nfTK6B2LSJiSRaZOABcIc0NYmmlG1oH2eVDL0-_L3H4ncCWhPUGe3hYqPlFjJN2Ig0hpjMnwnLNl0uB-C2y6b-EsXhYn4ZmA0LoTwo9lmxVTSLO10Fp62m0cCUCPfLyOPo1PWAdNu0rqEWaRzy86ec/s3264/IMG_1700.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="2448" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTaCRnzXV_A11H7ysSmdHECviLvKgXiWdY7zPf9nfTK6B2LSJiSRaZOABcIc0NYmmlG1oH2eVDL0-_L3H4ncCWhPUGe3hYqPlFjJN2Ig0hpjMnwnLNl0uB-C2y6b-EsXhYn4ZmA0LoTwo9lmxVTSLO10Fp62m0cCUCPfLyOPo1PWAdNu0rqEWaRzy86ec/s320/IMG_1700.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLi2fX2-dGt-63-mgMN4VRqguUJSXw0Tm4AB_W6CVIoNLQPaLbnbt3rZBJbm4zr9eijW4IKQ3qCPlBXIQ4r5c9tWxnrO5OlECRLZTKa38ALgxQCuvWEcq-Dfg27OC11P7iqiDT-bvKKCQJHz4ByGsPUKg0QqHaHuBi07fixmmsaASBehsD5YNHfn9tuL0/s3264/IMG_1701.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="2448" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLi2fX2-dGt-63-mgMN4VRqguUJSXw0Tm4AB_W6CVIoNLQPaLbnbt3rZBJbm4zr9eijW4IKQ3qCPlBXIQ4r5c9tWxnrO5OlECRLZTKa38ALgxQCuvWEcq-Dfg27OC11P7iqiDT-bvKKCQJHz4ByGsPUKg0QqHaHuBi07fixmmsaASBehsD5YNHfn9tuL0/s320/IMG_1701.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK_ifDoe8Ed2kEfBgRheAmc9Oy7ZjjeB8hynZMq9GIv95eIkjkst1ONZYebgnz71bnbxud3XUaIvLYqvQvuA8tLQrUXopbOgM6iV6Kr5gwLpkZnbCxJE3PWmqW1DTX6Gql7BGjYB9NLQk8Rx6P1X3KLWL8EuH0qlD93oveqod1j6uo6wvNLrQUtWjS07Y/s3264/IMG_1702.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="2448" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK_ifDoe8Ed2kEfBgRheAmc9Oy7ZjjeB8hynZMq9GIv95eIkjkst1ONZYebgnz71bnbxud3XUaIvLYqvQvuA8tLQrUXopbOgM6iV6Kr5gwLpkZnbCxJE3PWmqW1DTX6Gql7BGjYB9NLQk8Rx6P1X3KLWL8EuH0qlD93oveqod1j6uo6wvNLrQUtWjS07Y/s320/IMG_1702.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiBQRs2AZNSQWnJm34WNkxvOwcRGDnje7nLu040s5WVDLMSLIezjzn1ldJeMMGsafJPXt7y_86tMkgDa-_ljzW9LR4a65RqQgfTDCLpVod5XR7EYGR3eBH2t94yYMpHb8t54bxH2NLNgplgIJv7gFmeox7CD4gY48stX8H5Om_pZrFFcNRT5H53cj0qMw/s3264/IMG_1703.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="2448" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiBQRs2AZNSQWnJm34WNkxvOwcRGDnje7nLu040s5WVDLMSLIezjzn1ldJeMMGsafJPXt7y_86tMkgDa-_ljzW9LR4a65RqQgfTDCLpVod5XR7EYGR3eBH2t94yYMpHb8t54bxH2NLNgplgIJv7gFmeox7CD4gY48stX8H5Om_pZrFFcNRT5H53cj0qMw/s320/IMG_1703.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd6BXxfOzta7iNJBJpLWiVyFl5CXVoCECy-EuwmOnlldqx-9dI6P3vc1GMknsN5RtiEPAwfMA7HGh3P44FrkZeYZ0iaa4bWVOKvZWmyRxStiR4NkUp4LnTqTz10aapr8S3EadkPt3rOewT-kk5ZjF4uzFA92T8sckyhvpp7VTOWsViq2DxqTKwySJHhZ4/s3264/IMG_1705.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd6BXxfOzta7iNJBJpLWiVyFl5CXVoCECy-EuwmOnlldqx-9dI6P3vc1GMknsN5RtiEPAwfMA7HGh3P44FrkZeYZ0iaa4bWVOKvZWmyRxStiR4NkUp4LnTqTz10aapr8S3EadkPt3rOewT-kk5ZjF4uzFA92T8sckyhvpp7VTOWsViq2DxqTKwySJHhZ4/s320/IMG_1705.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">If you've followed this blog any length of time, you're aware that I'm collecting data and accounts related to accidents and fatalities and the general safety program in the CCC. Here's an unfortunate article from Happy Days.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjscIdB2iStNrj8r95agIGuKM8yLbgM_z9Tc8cQvRplB6spf6zn7Axh6v0oV-GY1SIwpZdZMnltoXfVcyMZjo-H6x8LPIpObtE8CiSmefc1mN3DxL7DfCfGtuCXA37itLw9lNDtmFfOTTIuZszvzI8KvVMjgDE4JlXw1d51MvQHJN1bOIHJK2xezwHMKZg/s4032/IMG_7826.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjscIdB2iStNrj8r95agIGuKM8yLbgM_z9Tc8cQvRplB6spf6zn7Axh6v0oV-GY1SIwpZdZMnltoXfVcyMZjo-H6x8LPIpObtE8CiSmefc1mN3DxL7DfCfGtuCXA37itLw9lNDtmFfOTTIuZszvzI8KvVMjgDE4JlXw1d51MvQHJN1bOIHJK2xezwHMKZg/s320/IMG_7826.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Here's something a bit more lighthearted to close out this post:<div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9b0DvnyV5VtC0U0Q_EedGSkZwnsPEyJ8Im-xfnbRT92Qnqhehls-G9bC4GNi1imJ48cmLDZl5BWzXEmzhjCw6YctfX0yTL4mHa_RNOa7V1AoLsAXkO4kPA3vzbYofYIvioRdlWTlj7wepV_BE-DVRS6dzW4Je6q337tiNqzYCRLJDEYt9QuZ6oTjo0Ig/s4032/IMG_7930.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9b0DvnyV5VtC0U0Q_EedGSkZwnsPEyJ8Im-xfnbRT92Qnqhehls-G9bC4GNi1imJ48cmLDZl5BWzXEmzhjCw6YctfX0yTL4mHa_RNOa7V1AoLsAXkO4kPA3vzbYofYIvioRdlWTlj7wepV_BE-DVRS6dzW4Je6q337tiNqzYCRLJDEYt9QuZ6oTjo0Ig/s320/IMG_7930.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-89286419671832874382014-06-12T20:45:00.000-07:002014-06-12T20:46:03.859-07:00State By State: Massachusetts<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfIeNvZg3NI7BHJ3w9YeoY80dHQPUzTS9yPRdz4oSBKnAuvmFK_SirXn0B8BNguTKHxFwO7nNqKQZx43JNLeiji9KIGgKcJ2YYvq6XbveST4FaV_ZKuyip5xUaRP0wUQmlICilBa9Fgr0/s1600/Mass+Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfIeNvZg3NI7BHJ3w9YeoY80dHQPUzTS9yPRdz4oSBKnAuvmFK_SirXn0B8BNguTKHxFwO7nNqKQZx43JNLeiji9KIGgKcJ2YYvq6XbveST4FaV_ZKuyip5xUaRP0wUQmlICilBa9Fgr0/s1600/Mass+Map.JPG" height="122" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Massachusetts was situated in the 1<sup>st</sup> Corps area,
which also included Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island and
Connecticut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some 50 or so parks and
forests in Massachusetts benefited from the work of the CCC and information on
most of those locations can be accessed on a website maintained by the State of
Massachusetts that you can access <a href="http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/get-involved/civilian-conservation-corps-ccc/ccc-work-in-massachusetts-forests-and-parks.html">here.</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While there is not a great deal of detail
regarding specific projects, camp numbers or company numbers on this site, it
is admirable that the state government has taken the time and effort to list
where the CCC worked and to provide some information regarding what CCC-built
improvements you might encounter at a given location.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An online copy of the book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Civilian Conservation Corps, Shaping the Forests and Parks of
Massachusetts: A Statewide Survey of Civilian Conservation Corps Resources</i>
(Jan. 1999) can be accessed <a href="https://archive.org/details/civilianconserva00berg">here.</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The page is formatted to allow users to
search the text for specific words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
example a search for the word “accident” will pull up the page that discusses a
monument dedicated to five enrollees killed in a truck accident at Sandisfield
State Park in December 1934, which we will revisit later in this article.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This truly is a worthwhile resource for
anyone seeking information regarding the work of the CCC in Massachusetts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Much has been made of the “wish list” of projects that the
state’s and technical services (Forest Service, National Park Service and the
Bureau of Reclamation, for example) had when the CCC was created in 1933.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So many work projects and maintenance tasks
had gone undone for a number of years leading up to the Great Depression that
when Franklin Roosevelt created the CCC, agencies like the Forest Service had long
lists of projects that were, indeed “shovel ready” and in need of workers to
carry out the effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such was not
necessarily the case in Massachusetts, according to Perry H. Merrill, writing
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s Forest Army: A History of
the Civilian Conservation Corps</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>State leaders realized they would need to purchase acreage for parks and
forests if they hoped to keep Massachusetts enrollees working in their home
state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Merrill, some 50,585
acres of state lands were purchased for this reason between 1933 and 1939.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We have some enrollment and work statistics from 1937 and
1939 that shed light on the impact of the CCC in Massachusetts, which were
reported in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Reports</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, total monthly enrollment in
Massachusetts between July 1936 and June 1937 was as follows:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
July 1936:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>12,266</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
August 1936:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>11,408</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
September 1936: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8,003</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
October 1936:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>11,630</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
November 1936: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10,929</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
December 1936: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10,348</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
January 1937: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>12,114</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
February 1937: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>11,372</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
March 1937: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>7,817</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
April 1937: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>10,269</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
May 1937: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>9,391</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
June 1937: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>8,341</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
The distribution of CCC camps in Massachusetts in
fiscal year 1937 was as follows:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
State Park Camps:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>16</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
State Forest Camps:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>17</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Private Forest Camps:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Military Reservation Camps:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdvICFmUJPaP_KcxRb3VrrQq_OYvfRix3luLnrT1x3i0rC8bX7tSUfERt6PNJdu3uP_lhyphenhyphenKuHCA8r_xPsnTSKXq6l_D2NSPc9tNf8bRgXKFb-cWyrBM_sMHW4x1hIoU28ZIW8K7WMOBnA/s1600/CCC+Ashburnham+Mass001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdvICFmUJPaP_KcxRb3VrrQq_OYvfRix3luLnrT1x3i0rC8bX7tSUfERt6PNJdu3uP_lhyphenhyphenKuHCA8r_xPsnTSKXq6l_D2NSPc9tNf8bRgXKFb-cWyrBM_sMHW4x1hIoU28ZIW8K7WMOBnA/s1600/CCC+Ashburnham+Mass001.jpg" height="245" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">US Forest Service photo, published in Stan Cohen's <i>The Tree Army</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
The annual reports include fold out charts that list
project totals for dozens of types of work broken down by state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Examples of specific work accomplished in
Massachusetts in fiscal year 1937:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Camp Stoves and Fireplaces:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>142</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Vehicle Bridges:<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>14</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Topographic Surveys:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>704.6
acres</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Signs, Markers, Monuments:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>1,735</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Emergency Work, Search & Rescue:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>733 man days</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Emergency Work, “Other”:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>21,101 man days</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual
Report</i> for fiscal year 1939 reported total monthly enrollment in Massachusetts
between July 1938 and June 1939 as follows:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
July 1938:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>9,590</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
August 1938:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>9,114</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
September 1938: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7,888</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
October 1938:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>9,355</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
November 1938: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8,930</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
December 1938: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7,124</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
January 1939: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>9,493</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
February 1939: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>9,229</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
March 1939: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>7,032</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
April 1939: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>9,206</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
May 1939: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>8,809</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
June 1939: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>6,272</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
The 1939 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual
Report</i> includes more detail than the 1937 report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, the 1939 report gives totals for
selection of enrollees by state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, in
fiscal year 1939 we know that 9,369 junior enrollees and 590 veterans were
enrolled from the state of Massachusetts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
The distribution of CCC camps in Massachusetts in
fiscal year 1939 was as follows: </div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
State Park Camps:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>9</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
State Forest Camps:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Private Forest Camps:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Examples of specific work accomplished in Massachusetts
in fiscal year 1939:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Camp Stoves and Fireplaces: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"></span>111</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Vehicle Bridges:<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>4</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Surveys:<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>2,711 man days</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Signs, Markers, Monuments:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>141</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Emergency Work:<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"></span> 103,949
man days</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
It is always interesting to speculate regarding
why enrollment and work totals varied from year to year in the CCC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know that as the economy improved,
enrollment in the CCC began to drop off because young men could more easily
find work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also seems that CCC
enrollment was somewhat seasonal in some regions, with enrollment numbers
dropping off in agricultural areas during harvest season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such may not have been the case with
Massachusetts but it is possible to speculate with some certainty regarding one
form of CCC work project: the category termed “emergency work.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know that New England was hit by a
devastating hurricane on September 21, 1938 and, according to Aram Goudsouzian
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Hurricane of 1938</i>, 680 people
perished, 72 million feet of power lines were knocked down putting 88 percent
of the region in darkness and countless trees were uprooted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the aftermath of the disaster Goudsouzian
reports, “Ten thousand workers from the Civilian Conservation Corps, which employed
young men in forestry and flood control programs, cleared streets and helped
save flood-threatened areas in Connecticut and Massachusetts.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In hindsight, it’s little surprise then that
the CCC focus on “emergency work” in Massachusetts jumped from around 21,000
man days in fiscal year 1937 to nearly 104,000 man days in fiscal year 1939,
the year the big hurricane struck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Remember that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fiscal year</i>
1939 included the period when the hurricane struck in 1938.)</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>
was the official national newspaper of the Civilian Conservation Corps and it
included reports of camp activities in all of the 9 Corps areas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadly, some of the content of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i> was not so upbeat; accidents
and fatalities were commonly reported and no fewer than eleven Massachusetts
fatalities were reported in the pages of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy
Days</i> between 1933 and 1940. </div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
According to the January 2, 1934 issue of Happy
Days, an enrollee in Company 1102 died from appendicitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The aforementioned book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Civilian Conservation Corps, Shaping the Forests and Parks of
Massachusetts: A Statewide survey of Civilian Conservation Corps Resources </i>notes
that <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company 1102 was assigned to Camp
S-63, which was established at Otter River State Forest in 1934.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadly, the microfilm copy of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days </i>is not clear enough to read
the enrollee’s name in this case but it appears to have been George<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>–aki.</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
The most tragic episode in Massachusetts’ CCC
history was likely the death of five enrollees who were killed in a truck
accident on December 16, 1934 while en route to 8:00 AM mass at St. Peter’s
Church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tragedy was reported on page
1 of the December 22, 1934 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy
Days</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Killed in the truck accident
were enrollees Benoit Helie, James Leavy, Francis Kippenberger, Elden Holland
and Frank Capozzuto.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Presumably, the
dead enrollees had been assigned to Camp S-71, in Company 196, based on
information in the aforementioned online resource, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Civilian Conservation Corps, Shaping the Forests and Parks of
Massachusetts</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can also read an
online article from 1997 about the area and the monument <a href="http://www.masslive.com/visitorsguide/swimmingholes/swimtrip080397.html">here.</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br />
Two years after the truck accident, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy
Days</i> had the decidedly unhappy duty of reporting the death of Santino
Boccabello of Company 1173, Salem, Massachusetts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the December 12, 1936 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>, enrollee Boccabello was
killed in a landslide while working in a gravel pit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ironically, the same issue of Happy Days
contained an article reporting that the monthly fatal accidents were down by
31% in the CCC. No doubt the news came as cold comfort for Boccabello’s buddies
in camp.</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Four Massachusetts CCC fatalities are separated by
space and time but remain related by virtue of their commonality: in each case
the enrollee was struck by a car.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
death of enrollee Henry Piezarek, Company 135, Palmer, Massachusetts, was
reported in the July 2, 1938 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy
Days</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Russell Crozier, assigned to
Company 1181, North Reading, Massachusetts was struck by a truck while on a
pass from camp, the report of his death appearing in the August 5, 1939 issue
of Happy Days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The front page of the
January 20, 1940 issue of Happy Days carried the sad news that enrollee Reed
Berry, from Company 4426, Lexington, Massachusetts, was struck and killed by a
car while on leave.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, Joseph
Budrunias, a veteran with Company 1181, was struck and killed by a car while on
leave; his death was reported on page 1 of the March 16, 1940 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRuerI8arHkD2KitsWad2O6BdyjhFjxMkgClP1WBUHgTpHAyRxWX-vpvmgJ5Fr7RHM-uHY6ykKTvn6n9l2GcuYX8_LA8UzQxUGemXcC_7QGo3B0fR31FQ3dO9lxyN153lAvisIyo7Tgf4/s1600/1+Happy+Days+Chester+Mass+Art001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRuerI8arHkD2KitsWad2O6BdyjhFjxMkgClP1WBUHgTpHAyRxWX-vpvmgJ5Fr7RHM-uHY6ykKTvn6n9l2GcuYX8_LA8UzQxUGemXcC_7QGo3B0fR31FQ3dO9lxyN153lAvisIyo7Tgf4/s1600/1+Happy+Days+Chester+Mass+Art001.jpg" height="165" width="200" /></a>To be sure the primary purpose of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i> was to convey positive upbeat
stories about life and work in the CCC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Any given issue might contain stories both earth shattering and obscure
from camps across the nation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The May
30, 1936 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i> included
a number of brief articles detailing activities in Massachusetts camps,
including an account of an enrollee field trip to a local dam, a report that
Company 1139 at West Townsend, Massachusetts was preparing to reactivate their
camp radio station and news that Company 1189 was working on a poultry project.</div>
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Elsewhere in the same issue is a brief story about
the work of a crew of enrollees in Company 1199 stationed at East Douglas,
Massachusetts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the report,
the crew accounted for the planting of 125,000 trees in the span of just 700
man-days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Put in perspective, one 6-man
detail from this crew planted 3,600 trees in a single day!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The article goes on to detail some of the
recreational activities taking place in the camp after work ours.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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In another article in the same column of print,
the May 30, 1936 issue of Happy Days reported that enrollees in Company 143 at
North Adams, Massachusetts had created a model club with 12 men working
individually on model airplanes as working as a group on a large plane model to
be displayed in the camp recreation hall.</div>
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Here are two more Massachusetts-related articles
from the May 30, 1936 issue of <i>Happy Days.</i>
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<b>Sources</b>
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Berg, Shary Page<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, The Civilian Conservation Corps, Shaping the Forests and Parks of
Massachusetts: A Statewide Survey of Civilian Conservation Corps Resources</i>,
January, 1999, Landscape Preservation Planning and Design, Cambridge, MA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Accessible online <a href="https://archive.org/stream/civilianconserva00berg#page/n3/mode/2up">here.</a>)</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>,
May 30, 1936.</div>
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Merrill, Perry H, <i>Roosevelt’s Forest Army</i>, 1981,
Perry H. Merrill, Publisher.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
U.S. Government Printing Office<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency
Conservation Work, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1937</i>.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
U.S. Government Printing Office, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the Director of the
Civilian Conservation Corps Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1939</i>.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Copyright, 2014, Michael I. Smith</span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO2DwmEM69XklryEg09l5IxBTvekWyjrF64lgyBwmRn2spWEF1F1g1IXh-KMT5lE7-eklx3a8qQMPiF3vBt9aihgWHzPTmsmZlBFUsgR1eAj9RKQ8OFmVutdye2myODrF2jgeF9jrhcRE/s1600/Maryland+Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO2DwmEM69XklryEg09l5IxBTvekWyjrF64lgyBwmRn2spWEF1F1g1IXh-KMT5lE7-eklx3a8qQMPiF3vBt9aihgWHzPTmsmZlBFUsgR1eAj9RKQ8OFmVutdye2myODrF2jgeF9jrhcRE/s1600/Maryland+Map.JPG" height="176" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Maryland is in the 1st Corps area, and in close proximity to
Washington, DC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A good deal of CCC work
was undertaken in this relatively small state, which may be due in part to the
fact that Maryland is so close to America’s seat of government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No doubt CCC projects in Maryland made for
appealing public relations visits for senators and congressmen and they
probably served as suitable examples of how the CCC funding was being put to
good use.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigCD0W22xwZ3nAaFLzRW2nX6vT86g6OEWv01FhEFyiNepbnRMgvVOlxZ0nnP_55AL4l_-bvP5rVnBct_1BjMuyM8URfAdfjoyZ1-qCxBbmQsYK9buUvAqLbixoaEkOJytz0cFU_5PslPk/s1600/Beltsville+MD+1936+Co+HQ+in+the+distance001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigCD0W22xwZ3nAaFLzRW2nX6vT86g6OEWv01FhEFyiNepbnRMgvVOlxZ0nnP_55AL4l_-bvP5rVnBct_1BjMuyM8URfAdfjoyZ1-qCxBbmQsYK9buUvAqLbixoaEkOJytz0cFU_5PslPk/s1600/Beltsville+MD+1936+Co+HQ+in+the+distance001.jpg" height="145" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beltsville, MD CCC camp, 1936, view looking toward camp HQ.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Federal Security
Agency Annual report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps for
Fiscal Year Ended June 1942</i> includes a detailed accounting of the work done
by CCC enrollees at the Beltsville, Maryland Agricultural Research Center.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The report is significant enough to warrant a
full quote here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The account begins on
page 55 of the report and reads as follows:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Beltsville Agricultural Research Center</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Maryland,
are carried on agricultural-research projects and numerous field experiments of
the various bureaus and agencies of the Department of Agriculture.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This area includes specific areas assigned for experimental
purposes to the Bureaus of Animal Industry, Plant Industry, Dairy Industry,
Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Food and Drug Administration, Forest service,
and Soil Conservation Service, all of the Department of Agriculture; Biological
Survey of the Department of Interior since June 30, 1939, and the Bureau of
Standards of the Department of Commerce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Center has been the scene of an intensive CCC program since October
1933.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While work projects on the Center are similar in type to the
general CCC program, a rather heavy program for the development of the whole
area and particularly roads, fences, water and sewer lines, shed construction,
grading operations, and landscaping, was carried on by the CCC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first CCC camp at the Research Center came in October
26, 1933.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1934 another was assigned
and in 1935 two more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One company went
out in October 1936, three continued until 1942, and the last one closing on
July 21, 1942.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In October 1941, the
Plant Industry Camp (NA-1) at the national Arboretum, was transferred to
Beltsville supervision; it was closed however in December 1941.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From early 1941, one of the camps while still quartered at
Beltsville carried on national defense work at Fort Meade, Maryland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From February 1942 to its closing, another
Research Center camp devoted 60% of its work to Fort Meade projects.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyGFbhdzLE735bcPL6HkNQL7sRA22rXs9vTPutFflph_XxUp_TRtzVE7RwrvtwfON0G4d7GsXzCxCnU2GnjUAlbi8SUWoHHFR5Cdf9NxklNtXkBFYuche0AT4HnBrhS4290D97ThhTMTU/s1600/Log+cabin+rec+center+Animal+Husbandry+center+MD+1934001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyGFbhdzLE735bcPL6HkNQL7sRA22rXs9vTPutFflph_XxUp_TRtzVE7RwrvtwfON0G4d7GsXzCxCnU2GnjUAlbi8SUWoHHFR5Cdf9NxklNtXkBFYuche0AT4HnBrhS4290D97ThhTMTU/s1600/Log+cabin+rec+center+Animal+Husbandry+center+MD+1934001.jpg" height="156" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Log cabin recreation center at the Beltsville, MD animal husbandry center.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Accomplishments
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For the fiscal year f1942, the major CCC contributions have
been the installation of pipe lines, construction and maintenance of roads and
parking areas, razing undesired structures, seeding and sodding, landscaping
and soil conservation work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This work is
of considerable value, when viewed as part of the nine-year camp program at
Beltsville.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since 1933, the camps have
constructed 39 bridges, 49 buildings of various types, over 65 miles of roads
and trails, 29,000 square yards of parking areas, and 12,000 feet of walks,
erected 130,000 rods of fence, installed 174,000 feet of water supply pipe
lines and 309,000 feet of other pipe and tile lines, planted 78,000 trees and
shrubs and seeded or sodded over 700 acres, done20,000 man-days of nursery
work, 3000 acres of general cleanup, moved many thousands of cubic yards of
earth incident to grading operations and performed many other operations of
great importance to the Center.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not only
have these accomplishments been of value to the Research Center, its many
participating units and the Department of Agriculture, but also much valuable
job training, experience and related education has been provided many young men
(mostly from rural areas) in these camps and this uplifting influence
undoubtedly has and will pay substantial dividends in the form of better men
and better workers so essential to the nation in this time of need.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For a terrific history of the CCC in Maryland, click <a href="http://www.dnr.state.md.us/centennial/CCC_History_Part_II.asp">Here.</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For more photos of the CCC at Beltsville, Maryland, click <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/aboutus/docs.htm?docid=8841">Here.</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Maryland is also home to a CCC project that, over the years,
has come to be a place of national importance, even if most Americans have
never been there:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Camp David in the
Catoctin Mountains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A National Park
Service brochure for Catoctin Mountain Park notes that in 1935 more than 10,000
acres of land in the Catoctin Mountains were acquired by the federal government
for development as the Catoctin Recreational Demonstration Area (RDA) with the
goal of finding new uses for marginal lands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Prior to the advent of the CCC, the Catoctin’s had been exploited –
overused, really – for the production of charcoal, which involved clear cutting
of forest, stripping of bark for tanning and general logging work.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A list of National Park CCC camps published
in The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933-1942
shows that the Catoctin RDA was home to Camp NP-3 (formerly SP-7) during
enrollment periods 14, 15 and 16 as well as camp SP-3 for an unspecified period
of time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Part of the purpose behind the
work in Catoctin was to develop recreational areas for the enjoyment of the
people from nearby urban areas, including Washington, DC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Ren and Helen Davis in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Mark on this Land</i>, the WPA laid out
the park and constructed the camp facilities while the CCC, beginning in 1939,
undertook reforestation work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One
interesting component of the CCC work at Catoctin Mountain Park noted in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Mark on this Land</i> is the work of CCC
enrollees to collect old fence posts from within the boundary of the park for
use in reconstructing fences in Gettysburg National Military Park (where the
CCC also worked).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While the bulk of Catoctin Mountain Park is accessible to
the public, Camp David is decidedly not open to the public and indeed there is
even a no-fly zone imposed in the airspace over Camp David.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I know from personal experience that visitors
to Catoctin Mountain Park may drive within close proximity of Camp David
without even knowing it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following
information about Camp David comes from the book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The President Is at Camp David</i>, by W.Dale Nelson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is now Camp David, was originally known
as Camp #3 or Camp Hi-Catoctin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With an
elevation of 1,800 feet, the location landed on a short list of sites deemed
suitable as a presidential retreat for President Roosevelt in 1942.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At that time, the camp, which had been
intended as a recreational facility for families, included three units of six
four-cot cabins, a swimming pool, craft shop, and playing field along with an office,
showers and recreation hall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Secret
Service would eventually occupy a former CCC barracks, which FDR christened
“221B Baker Street” after the fictional abode of Sherlock Holmes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Secret Service agents called the
barracks, “The Long House.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Paige’s book on the CCC and the National Park
Service lists all of the park service CCC camps in Maryland:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
NP-1 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, Montgomery
County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
NP-2 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, Montgomery
County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
NP-3 Catoctin RDA, Frederick County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
NP-4 Fort Washington, Prince Georges County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
SP-1 Fort Frederick State Park, Washington County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
SP-2 Patapsco State Park, Baltimore and Howard
County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
SP-3 Catoctin RDA, Frederick County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
SP-4 Gambrill State Park, Frederick County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
SP-5 Elk Neck State Park & Forest, Cecil
County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
SP-6 Maryland-Washington Metro/Rock Creek Park
Extension, Montgomery and Prince George County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
SP-7 Catoctin RDA, Frederick County</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The work of the CCC at the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal
National Historic Park is also worthy of note in any discussion of the CCC in
Maryland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Companies 325C and 333C,
composed of African-American enrollees from the urban centers of Philadelphia,
Baltimore and Washington, DC, worked to clear the historic canal alignment of
debris and remove vegetation from the tow path.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They’d managed to complete work on 22 miles of canal before the U.S.
entered World War and work was terminated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For details of this project, including a photo, see <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Mark is on this Land</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmtmK0fJzIM0yz7B72QOe5MdN3Vq8mIbpyRxKqcECikyL4-dT5EBR9NHyP5ayU9PFwzYj9RkEZRpvLvzlmHlADX8DqYlgy25h0FqxLMoIkJaKcptJlFz2_DHTxrfzPqYazCoHWVqOplJg/s1600/Happy+Days+Masthead.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmtmK0fJzIM0yz7B72QOe5MdN3Vq8mIbpyRxKqcECikyL4-dT5EBR9NHyP5ayU9PFwzYj9RkEZRpvLvzlmHlADX8DqYlgy25h0FqxLMoIkJaKcptJlFz2_DHTxrfzPqYazCoHWVqOplJg/s1600/Happy+Days+Masthead.JPG" height="67" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>, the
CCC’s national newspaper, reported on the deaths of at least five individuals
affiliated with the CCC between 1933 and 1940:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry E. Jackson, an enrollee with Company 335, Brandywine,
Maryland drowned and the tragedy was reported on page 16 of the June 27, 1936
issue of Happy Days.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Enrollee Albert Barnes from the Beltsville, Maryland camp
was killed en route to a fire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barnes
company number is not listed but his death was reported in the November 21,
1936 edition of Happy Days.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
William Taylor, an enrollee in Company 2314 at Beltsville
drowned, as reported on page one of the Happy Days issue of July 9, 1938.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another Beltsville enrollee, Abe H. Kelly, also of Company
2314, was killed in an automobile accident while on leave, according to the
October 7, 1939 issue of Happy Days.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harold F. Kurtz was a U.S. Forest Service CCC inspector who
was killed in an auto accident according to the October 14, 1939.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is unclear whether Kurtz was somehow
affiliated with the Rockville, Maryland CCC camp or if, perhaps, the accident
occurred in Rockville.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We’ll close the Maryland entry for the State-By-State series
with some enrollment and work statistics from the Annual Reports for 1937 and
1939. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Reports</i> are a
terrific resource for things like overall enrollment by state and numbers of
individual tasks completed, however there isn’t any information pertaining to
specific work at individual locations in the various states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nevertheless, it’s interesting to compare
work totals from year to year and to speculate as to why the numbers might have
fluctuated from one report to another.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of
the Director of Emergency Conservation Work for fiscal year ended June 30, 1937</i>
lists totals for dozens of job types by state, including the following totals
for work in Maryland, for example:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Vehicle Bridges:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>13</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Buildings (all types, incl. cabins, latrines &
shelters):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>43</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Airplane Landing Fields:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Fighting Forest Fires:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,727 man days</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Fire Prevention:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>3,883 man days</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Enrollment figures from the 1936-1937 report give
the following monthly enrollment numbers for Maryland:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
July 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>3,240</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
August 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>3,008</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
September 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,464</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
October 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>3,115</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
November 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,942</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
December 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,766</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
January 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,999</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
February 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,864</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
March 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2144</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
April 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,476</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
May 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,262</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
June 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1,910</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
The average breakdown of Maryland CCC camps by
type for the reporting period July 1936-June 1937 was as follows:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
State Forest:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>13</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Mosquito Control:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Animal Industry:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>3</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Agricultural Engineering:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Soil Conservation:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>3</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
State Parks:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Military Reservations:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Naval Reservations:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual
Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps for fiscal year ended
June 30, 1939</i> (note the change in the title from “Emergency Conservation
Work” to “Civilian Conservation Corps.”) gives these totals for the same types
of jobs:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Vehicle Bridges:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>8</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Buildings (all types, incl. cabins, latrines &
shelters): 28</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Airplane Landing Fields:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Fighting Forest Fires:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,346 man days</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Fire Prevention:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>40 man days</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Enrollment figures from the report give the
following monthly enrollment numbers for Maryland:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
July 1938:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,932</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
August 1938:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,737</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
September 1938:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,427</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
October 1938:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>3,024</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
November 1938:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,920</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
December 1938:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,680</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
January 1939:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>3,031</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
February 1939:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,928</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
March 1939:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,089</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
April 1939:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2,947</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
May 1939: 2,817</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
June 1939:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,385</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
The breakdown of Maryland CCC camps by type for
the reporting period July 1938-June 1939 was as follows:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
National Parks/Monuments:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
State Parks:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
State Forest:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>7</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Animal Industry: 3</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Agricultural Engineering:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Soil Conservation Service:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sources</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Davis, Ren & Helen, (2011), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Mark on This Land: A Guide to the Legacy of the Civilian
Conservation Corps in America’s Parks</i>, The McDonald & Woodward
Publishing Company.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Federal security Agency Annual Report of the Director of the
Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal Year Ended June 1942 (no publisher noted).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nelson, W. Dale, (1995).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The President is at Camp David</i>,
Syracuse University Press.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Paige, John C. (1985), The Civilian Conservation Corps and
the National Park Service, 1933-1942.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
U.S. Government Printing Office<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1937</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
U.S. Government Printing Office, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1939</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The photos of the Beltsville, Maryland CCC work are United States Forest Service images from Stan Cohen's book <i>The Tree Army: A Pictorial History of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942</i>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Copyright, 2014, Michael I. Smith</span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-79485354358575014572014-04-28T16:27:00.001-07:002014-04-30T20:16:29.870-07:00State-By-State: Maine<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbQMEZOfW33rLipX1R9px1Q_75FqOdF5JK4vc6Gm37r5JYdcHIYWsc8IjNcGo_S7F9kvG0bY_bet5vw5G_wjkl7LAckLCXMRNYIncMI3wE2HmNY9f38F2tsUYnmsCzPQk9VOlidpRKG4Y/s1600/Maine+CCC+Camp+Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbQMEZOfW33rLipX1R9px1Q_75FqOdF5JK4vc6Gm37r5JYdcHIYWsc8IjNcGo_S7F9kvG0bY_bet5vw5G_wjkl7LAckLCXMRNYIncMI3wE2HmNY9f38F2tsUYnmsCzPQk9VOlidpRKG4Y/s1600/Maine+CCC+Camp+Map.JPG" height="200" width="143" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Maine was situated in the First Corps Area, and it is said
that Maine is the first point on the continental United States to receive
direct sunlight every morning when the sun rises above the eastern
horizon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consequently, we can reasonably
argue that the CCC boys in Maine were the first CCC lads to see the sun every
day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Perry Merrill reports on some basic CCC statistics for the
state of Maine in his book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s
Forest Army</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merrill quotes figures
from the 1937 Annual Report of the Director of the CCC, which I will expand
upon later in this post, but as a starting point, Merrill reported that an
average distribution of CCC camps in Maine for that period was:</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwtwY3vvnIDSeqdYCxIqcGYu67dfkSOT03FmOCNOnXKg5cZNGKt_PazGq1twWQY3FkMIOF5bq8V4sy6gGR6T07sIehT89ZjeDlGEMRvuzp6lSAAOiqRvOYfE7hZtaaM2Zim-tXo4MuzHk/s1600/SW+Harbor+Maine002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwtwY3vvnIDSeqdYCxIqcGYu67dfkSOT03FmOCNOnXKg5cZNGKt_PazGq1twWQY3FkMIOF5bq8V4sy6gGR6T07sIehT89ZjeDlGEMRvuzp6lSAAOiqRvOYfE7hZtaaM2Zim-tXo4MuzHk/s1600/SW+Harbor+Maine002.jpg" height="171" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Company 2140 at Southwest Harbor</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
National Forest:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
State Forest:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Private Forests: 8</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
National Parks: 2</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
State Parks: 2</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Military Reservation: 1</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Merrill also refers to some overall figures for
the CCC in Maine; specifically that the aggregate number of Maine men who
gained employment in the CCC was 18,298 which included 16,686 junior and
veteran enrollees and 1,612 non-enrolled personnel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Overall, Merrill reports that the total
number of individuals who worked in Maine, regardless of their state of origin
was 20,434.</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
The 1937 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual
Report</i> includes a section of fold out spreadsheets broken down by state and
by project or job type.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The list shows
that, among other things, CCC enrollees constructed 429 rods of guard rail in
Maine during fiscal year 1937.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(A rod is
a surveying measurement that is equivalent to 16.5 feet so multiplying the 429
rods by 16.5 tells you that the CCC boys constructed quite a bit of guardrail
in Maine between 1936 and 1937 alone!)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Here are some other job type totals from the 1937 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report</i> that are not listed in Merrill:</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZt4_WFGbHisYfJ-zFQXJoI91ZHHg8q2LuQ-JcyCYXUIr7IKi3oGvfcUBgLcDDJsEut88Vx7tBUMhb79AxCITy0BNA3D04GTNFqKofRla_jw-_AOql0gKIuesdLL0ulsfOm8FIh4aIybU/s1600/Masonry+work+Bar+Harbor001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZt4_WFGbHisYfJ-zFQXJoI91ZHHg8q2LuQ-JcyCYXUIr7IKi3oGvfcUBgLcDDJsEut88Vx7tBUMhb79AxCITy0BNA3D04GTNFqKofRla_jw-_AOql0gKIuesdLL0ulsfOm8FIh4aIybU/s1600/Masonry+work+Bar+Harbor001.jpg" height="200" width="116" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Co 1130 masonry</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Tree Insect Pest Control: 10,694 acres</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
Fire Prevention: 118 man days</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Fire Suppression: 909 man days</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Topographic Surveys: 819 acres</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Signs, Markers and Monuments: 837</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Emergency Work: 1,068 man days</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
The 1939 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual
Report</i> includes the same sort of fold out spreadsheets and a comparison of
similar job types finds these totals for fiscal year 1939 (year ended June 30,
1939:</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Guard Rail: 6 rods</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Tree Insect Pest Control:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,849 acres</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Fire Prevention:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>0 man days</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Fire Suppression:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>4,723 man days</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Topographic Surveys: Not Reported in the 1939
Report</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Signs, Markers and Monuments: 55</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Emergency Work: 27,783 man days</div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
It is interesting to compare job totals from one
report to another and to speculate, for example, why the total length of guard
rail installed dropped so sharply between the 1937 and the 1939 annual
reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is also intriguing to see
that fire prevention work declined from 118 man days in the 1937 report to zero
days spent in fire prevention work in the 1938-1939 report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps not surprisingly, the amount of time
spent actually fighting fires jumped drastically from one report to the other
(909 man days in the 1937 report up to 4,723 man days in the 1939 report).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is it possible that the decline in fire
prevention work led to an increased need for firefighting in the year or two
that followed?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s an interesting thing
to consider.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Year to year changes in CCC work rates for things
like fire suppression work might also be linked to major disasters that struck
the east coast during this period and nowhere is the effect of those disasters
more evident than in the comparison of CCC enrollee time spent on the job of
“emergency work” in 1936-37 compared to 1938-1939.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1937 report lists 1,068 man days were
devoted to emergency work, whereas, in the 1938-1939 time period CCC enrollees
devoted 27,783 man days to emergency work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The two disasters that likely account for such a drastic uptick in time
devoted to so-called “emergency work” were flooding and hurricane.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, you could argue that one high water
mark for the CCC in Maine was their assistance in response to devastating
floods that struck in the winter of 1935-1936.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A personal recollection from enrollee Norman Wetherington, published in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In the Public Interest</i>, recounts the mobilization
of enrollees from Company 1124 in response to a call from the town of Bridgton:</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">“<i>The afternoon of Friday the 13<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup>, Lt. Fearer,
commanding officer of the 1124<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> company received a call for help
from the town of Bridgton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He drove down
to the edge of town to view the situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He took one look and went back to camp immediately.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inside of a half hour he had the entire camp
personnel loaded into trucks (seven forestry trucks and two Army trucks) headed
for Bridgton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The little army consisted
of two officers, all forestry supervisors, office personnel, and the entire
roster of CCC boys, except for three cooks that were left in camp to make
sandwiches</i>”</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Another natural disaster just two years later required the
mobilization of hundreds of CCC enrollees in response to the September 1938
hurricane, which impacted dozens of towns in western Maine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Schlenker, Wetherington and
Wilkins, writing in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In the Public
Interest: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Maine, A Pictorial History</i>, the
hurricane stuck with such force “that whole stands of forest growth were
wind-thrown, creating a high forest fire hazard.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such was the fear of a forest conflagration,
the governor of Maine suspended hunting season in two counties and prohibiting
smoking or burning of any kind in the woods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In addition to valuable fire reduction work, it is estimated that some
75,000,000 board feet of lumber was salvaged from the hurricane area.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">To be sure, firefighting and disaster response were not the
only work efforts undertaken by the CCC in Maine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among the premier Maine state parks to
benefit from the work of the CCC is Camden Hills State Park.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Park visitors encounter the work of the CCC
almost immediately upon entering the park as they pass the stone entry gate and
contact station.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other CCC improvements
in the park include hiking and ski trails and a group pavilion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ren and Helen Davis report that there are
more than 40 CCC-built structures in active use there, including a dining hall,
cabins, classrooms and bathhouses.</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4GlR-Dlby4YeQDtl0KBCKc0mi9SNzdfgOI6lZYJmdBJze1e2pwqHRouLi29fg0y5-fRPWVb-J2z0k2COLlwa52Y2MUEx3P5uOcdFFFiHgxPvy-4TJBtllc_4Ds6cOvTkX61CTyMXGvI/s1600/Camden+ME+Baseball001.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4GlR-Dlby4YeQDtl0KBCKc0mi9SNzdfgOI6lZYJmdBJze1e2pwqHRouLi29fg0y5-fRPWVb-J2z0k2COLlwa52Y2MUEx3P5uOcdFFFiHgxPvy-4TJBtllc_4Ds6cOvTkX61CTyMXGvI/s1600/Camden+ME+Baseball001.bmp" height="227" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Members of the Company 1130 baseball team, Camden, Maine, 1940</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">As we have seen in previous installments in the
State-By-State series, life and work in the CCC could be dangerous and enrollees
in Maine were not immune to that danger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>, the official
newspaper of the CCC, reported on the deaths of at least two Maine
enrollees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Page one of the June 30, 1934
issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i> reported that
Charles A. Merrey of Company 154 at Bar Harbor, Maine had been killed in an
auto accident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The August 5, 1939
edition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i> reported that
enrollee Clarence D Thurlow of Company 158 was killed when he fell from a cliff
while on leave.</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN29VPDsW_xcTDxH7zi-ihsNz6jU1kofhimEMQM6zhhkbSMq9MDLhP9-omMEqb7GKpLVu0fO5Jc8KGnxA2sfbx3eLQRYc5exGp7rll7qGVTlV07qc7MuKAcF4DkA_9AQZPdinvb-0l7Bk/s1600/Carpentry+Bar+Harbor001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN29VPDsW_xcTDxH7zi-ihsNz6jU1kofhimEMQM6zhhkbSMq9MDLhP9-omMEqb7GKpLVu0fO5Jc8KGnxA2sfbx3eLQRYc5exGp7rll7qGVTlV07qc7MuKAcF4DkA_9AQZPdinvb-0l7Bk/s1600/Carpentry+Bar+Harbor001.jpg" height="246" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Co. 1130, NP-3-Me, Camden, Maine</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> For access to a terrific CCC-related page operated by the
Maine State Archives, click </span><a href="http://www.maine.gov/sos/arc/ccc/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">here.</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On this page you’ll be able to access a list
of Maine’s CCC camps and a Tribute page where personal stories of CCC service
are posted and honored.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjreiUDpYXHeWj5w-c-Y9dfzdTszTse7_377dcUMtEPcpjUBOC2-Pfm3d_9Sdp7Dg8bD8Wxn_WQB8LuBrba-mmpgkhHq2XmkvYIv5ugLo5nDOPEV5rQLmjNBcRPdjRll0Spvjfj4MChDDg/s1600/John+McLeod+Company+Photo+Camden+ME+1941.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjreiUDpYXHeWj5w-c-Y9dfzdTszTse7_377dcUMtEPcpjUBOC2-Pfm3d_9Sdp7Dg8bD8Wxn_WQB8LuBrba-mmpgkhHq2XmkvYIv5ugLo5nDOPEV5rQLmjNBcRPdjRll0Spvjfj4MChDDg/s1600/John+McLeod+Company+Photo+Camden+ME+1941.JPG" height="136" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Company 1130, NP-3-ME, Camden, Maine, 1940</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf-k5BLIIQ6h9T774e4SCGdUE70CdYHeBD6v-A_RMFwvAWySsLp7_KuNjLmtEO5SRdFVXGMYY-Rslg8HL0nUh2_bUD1N5YgY4bXWvi6709Cf7XyT3RKQpWjK1F-rhDoVWXl2Y7MWiWu20/s1600/Maine+CCC+Camp+Map1940001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf-k5BLIIQ6h9T774e4SCGdUE70CdYHeBD6v-A_RMFwvAWySsLp7_KuNjLmtEO5SRdFVXGMYY-Rslg8HL0nUh2_bUD1N5YgY4bXWvi6709Cf7XyT3RKQpWjK1F-rhDoVWXl2Y7MWiWu20/s1600/Maine+CCC+Camp+Map1940001.jpg" height="400" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First Corps area map, October 1940, from the Company 1130 Pictorial Review</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXycV6bL5PjhP_nHQeiKjO9SrGJr0sy0dkQHptEur3nFy1fO8wu44cy1zO8imB_gfnk5nZEUerkDyUbsS_b7I5OctZOLawKlVRLNnE6TF3xHLfaoAPS1NB32sUStCBgiQ-KgRSO_qogio/s1600/+John+Mcleod+in+woodshop001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXycV6bL5PjhP_nHQeiKjO9SrGJr0sy0dkQHptEur3nFy1fO8wu44cy1zO8imB_gfnk5nZEUerkDyUbsS_b7I5OctZOLawKlVRLNnE6TF3xHLfaoAPS1NB32sUStCBgiQ-KgRSO_qogio/s1600/+John+Mcleod+in+woodshop001.jpg" height="283" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Enrollee John McLeod works in the woodshop, Co. 1130, Camden, Maine</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b>Sources</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span>
Photos: With the exception of the first map, all images are courtesy of Mr. John McLeod, who served as an enrollee in Company 1130, camp NP-3-Me, Camden, Maine in 1940. John is a devoted advocate of the CCC legacy and an Iwo Jima Marine. Thank you, John!<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Davis, Ren & Helen, (2011), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Mark on This Land: A Guide to the Legacy of the Civilian
Conservation Corps in America’s Parks</i>, The McDonald & Woodward
Publishing Company.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Merrill, Perry H, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s
Forest Army</i>, 1981, Perry H. Merrill, Publisher.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">U.S. Government Printing Office<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1937</i>.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">U.S. Government Printing Office, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1939</i>.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Schlenker, J.A., Wetherington, N.A. and Wilkins, A.H., (no
date), In<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> the Public Interest: The
Civilian Conservation Corps in Maine, A Pictorial History</i>, University of
Maine, Augusta.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Copyright, 2014, Michael I. Smith</span></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-44622548380743116412014-02-18T14:24:00.000-08:002014-02-18T14:24:42.130-08:00The C.C.C. State-By-State: Indiana<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI0RHej8wkADA3z9TEkEwfa9xKCQo8iCFHuOwBz4FSoFOGqvNNoTlrvxN4vgEmvNNutfJVh9ut2A_uTtLk2z8Soj_PeBl_azR3xlwVGmgRSpOa8HzqFJpwvxa1M3AgZO6fa2qFxxFo9lE/s1600/Indiana+Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI0RHej8wkADA3z9TEkEwfa9xKCQo8iCFHuOwBz4FSoFOGqvNNoTlrvxN4vgEmvNNutfJVh9ut2A_uTtLk2z8Soj_PeBl_azR3xlwVGmgRSpOa8HzqFJpwvxa1M3AgZO6fa2qFxxFo9lE/s1600/Indiana+Map.JPG" height="320" width="190" /></a></div>
In <em>Roosevelt’s Forest Army</em>, Perry Merrill notes that an average of 30 CCC camps operated in Indiana during the lifetime of the program and that some 63,742 men from Indiana were given employment because of the CCC. <br />
<br />
State forest work in Indiana was carried out in Clark, Morgan-Monroe, Brown, Harrison, Jackson, Jasper-Pulaski, Dubois, Warrick, Pike, Wells and Orange Counties.<br />
<br />
The <em>Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work</em> for fiscal year 1937 reported the monthly enrollment totals for Indiana as follows: <br />
<br />
July 1936: 6,020<br />
August 1936: 5,575<br />
September 1936: 4,478<br />
October 1936: 6,346<br />
November 1936: 6,028<br />
December 1936: 5,786<br />
January 1937: 6,882<br />
February 1937: 6,474<br />
March 1937: 4,749<br />
April 1937: 5,788<br />
May 1937: 5,236<br />
June 1937: 4,538<br />
These are monthly totals for enrollments of men from Indiana, not totals for the number of CCC workers actually working in Indiana by month.<br />
<br />
The same <em>Annual Report</em> (FY 1937) has a break down of camps by type in Indiana. During that period, Indiana had a total of 41 camps distributed amongst the various technical services as follows:<br />
<br />
National Forest camps: 3<br />
State Forest camps: 12<br />
Agricultural Engineering camps: 8<br />
Soil Conservation Camps: 10<br />
State Park camps: 7<br />
Military Reservation camps: 1<br />
<br />
Indiana’s sole Military Reservation CCC camp was at Fort Benjamin Harrison, was designated camp Army-1 and, in 1936 was home to Company 3550. The Federal Security Agency Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal year 1942 includes a summary of the type of work that the CCC performed on military reservations and while it does not refer specifically to Indiana, the details are informative. Among the tasks undertaken by CCC enrollees on military reservation land: airport construction, drill fields, tank traps and target construction, firebreaks around magazines, artillery and rifle ranges, observation posts auxiliary water supply systems storage buildings and sheds, camouflage work of all types and excavations for buildings.<br />
<br />
Previous posts in the State-By-State series have elaborated on the unhappy reports of enrollee accidents and fatalities that appeared in the CCC newspaper <em>Happy Days</em>. For a change, let’s look at some upbeat news that was reported from various locations in Indiana in the Saturday, May 30, 1936 issue of Happy Days. For example, a short, 3-paragraph piece reported on the rare skill of one enrollee. The un-headlined piece reads:<br />
<div class="separator" style="border: currentColor; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivkTsV75vn5CpysthjVAZedIn9cFWCdJ5sOPDEQOVFFVPShh0J__UENNxYW4iKNzmoBu27_mri6wRuxQBBStBDmXJ5a5njopDmQFaNoats99Q0r-6wEXiZVko-INbU2xq_LwIjRXTNNMA/s1600/Indiana+Marble+Champ+1936+Happy+Days001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; height: 289px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; width: 249px;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivkTsV75vn5CpysthjVAZedIn9cFWCdJ5sOPDEQOVFFVPShh0J__UENNxYW4iKNzmoBu27_mri6wRuxQBBStBDmXJ5a5njopDmQFaNoats99Q0r-6wEXiZVko-INbU2xq_LwIjRXTNNMA/s320/Indiana+Marble+Champ+1936+Happy+Days001.jpg" height="320" r6="true" width="272" /></a></div>
<br />
"Co. 2580, Princeton, Ind., boasts of an enrollee who is literally “one in a million.” He is Johnny Jeffries, who won the national marble tournament in 1931. Census figures are used to confirm the assertion made by one of the camp officials.<br />
<br />
In 1931 there were over 1,000,000 boys 12 years old and that Johnny was the one who at Ocean City, N.J., met and defeated the best boy marble players from 47 other states and Canada.<br />
<br />
Johnny admitted, in a speech made before the company, that aside from planting a tree upside down he was a pretty good rookie." <br />
<br />
The CCC Legacy camp list for Indiana shows that Princeton, Indiana was home to Camp SCS-1, known as Camp Princeton in 1935. Evidently, three years later, the camp was called Camp Seminole, but was still designated SCS-1, and was home to CCC Company 2550-C, an all-black CCC company.<br />
<br />
Another Indiana-related article appears in the same section of the May 30, 1936 issue of <em>Happy Days</em> under the headline Oscar, a Squirrel.<br />
<br />
"This is about Oscar, a pet squirrel of barrack 3, Co. 2583, English, Ind. He climbs all over the boys and likes to sleep in their jacket pockets. Another favorite place is their sleeves where he sleeps at the elbows.<br />
<br />
Oscar usually gets angry when taken from his warm shelter and will vent his displeasure by little engaging growls. He will run to any hand or waving finger expecting to find a nut in them – he usually does. If you try to take away his nut, again the puny growls come forth. Of course, he frisks along the rafters as you would expect all good little squirrels to do."<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The CCC Legacy camp list for <a href="http://www.ccclegacy.org/camps_indiana.htm"><span style="color: purple;">Indiana</span></a> shows that English, Indiana was home to Camp F-5-I and confirms that it was indeed home to Company 2583.</span><br />
<br />
Another article reported the dedication of a new park entrance at Clifty Falls State park in Madison, Indiana. The governor of Indiana, Paul V. McNutt gave the keynote speech to dedicate Guthrie Entrance, named in honor of Senator Guthrie, the first chairman of the Indiana State Conservation Commission. The park entrance was built by enrollees from Company 1597 under the leadership of project superintendent John B. Clifford and commanded by Lt. Robert C. Hubbard. The ceremony was attended by the 84-year old Senator Guthrie who was accompanied by his three grandchildren who unveiled the bronze plaque.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">To visit the Clifty Falls State Park website, click <a href="http://www.in.gov/dnr/parklake/2985.htm"><span style="color: purple;">here.</span></a></span><br />
<br />
(Note: I managed to figure out how to resolve the formatting problem here, by switching to Blogger's "recommended" format. Unfortunately, the new format includes so many new bells and whistles that I find I'll have to go back and re-learn everything in order to post decent content. For example, I am now unable to post more than one image for some reason. I don't have time to start completely over so I'm afraid the posts here will have to stop while I try to figure out how to make the posts work properly. I feel really bad about this because I'd dedicated myself to getting all the State-By-State entries made through out 2011, but now it doesn't look like I'll be able to follow through on that goal. For the record, I think that Google has just made their Blogger better for people who have nothing else to do in life but blog. Unfortunately, for the rest of us, they've simply made it more difficult to share valuable content easily while at the same time attending to life's many other obligations.)<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-58066410237455096562014-02-18T14:19:00.000-08:002014-02-18T14:19:42.400-08:00State-By-State: Louisiana<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzY2Xxo9OgkboeFPkdAMA23d5vTbFIPlkzv56bR12tXvR6BgYfZ3IlTZ_n2fo4Vol2PQEyRj9VvsW2-Bq3ctxUeB9YIw8iwmmC46XUdI5B5kPxZsvcvbnRuMei87fG7bEdZULwLx3t-F8/s1600/La+Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzY2Xxo9OgkboeFPkdAMA23d5vTbFIPlkzv56bR12tXvR6BgYfZ3IlTZ_n2fo4Vol2PQEyRj9VvsW2-Bq3ctxUeB9YIw8iwmmC46XUdI5B5kPxZsvcvbnRuMei87fG7bEdZULwLx3t-F8/s1600/La+Map.JPG" height="182" width="200" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<em>For an explanation of the State-By-State series, click </em><a href="http://cccresources.blogspot.com/2010/12/introduction-ccc-state-by-state.html"><em>here.</em></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<em>To view previous State-By-State articles, click on the “State
By State” link under the "Labels" listed to the left.<o:p></o:p></em><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Situated in the 4<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> Corps Area, Louisiana was
home to a wide range of CCC camps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perry
Merrill notes that an average of 30 CCC camps operated in Louisiana between
1933 and 1942, with some 51,225 individuals working in the state, regardless of
their state of origin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of
the Director of Emergency Conservation Work</i> for fiscal year 1937 reported
that the total enrolled strength in Louisiana by month was as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
July 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,989<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"></span>August 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6,662<o:p></o:p></div>
September 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>5,483<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimCIAUcDdgP-MyDJnQUNLW-GNL4bZu2qz92DoChNuPrL6JgYcwM0GNMPXd-L8CgRQ2lJzgm0WrKoOkjQHEIhA9JWJFVmSqPne9RQ7jND-9x6gBIo-Aqlk1thRniBVBk93yiwuAAaaL0KA/s1600/B+1935+District+E+Homer+LA004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimCIAUcDdgP-MyDJnQUNLW-GNL4bZu2qz92DoChNuPrL6JgYcwM0GNMPXd-L8CgRQ2lJzgm0WrKoOkjQHEIhA9JWJFVmSqPne9RQ7jND-9x6gBIo-Aqlk1thRniBVBk93yiwuAAaaL0KA/s1600/B+1935+District+E+Homer+LA004.jpg" height="168" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Work crew, Company 4408, Camp SCS-3, Homer, Louisiana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
October 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6,625</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
November 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6,437</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
December 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6,242</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
January 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6,795</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
February 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6,573</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
March 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>5,547</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
April 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6,572</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
May 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6,271</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
June 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>5,798</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
During that same fiscal year, a total of 6,869
enrollees were enrolled in Louisiana, though as we know, not all of them
remained in Louisiana; odds are some were shipped out to work in other states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some specific work undertaken by CCC
enrollees in Louisiana in fiscal year 1937 included: </div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
New Buildings: 262</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZf5jv9_qAsrTZGSSmtUWI38jVECd7kqDTjJxXv0sCxdu7vHULJoPHi6ZUmTumItmIB56Vc0gL7b_wCOvBNuGPabRePS0MZixJherfAlv2G8DrMJ4p4FCTgPYEnfaKV8o7r-t7o65i8HQ/s1600/C+1935+District+E+dry+prong+LA006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZf5jv9_qAsrTZGSSmtUWI38jVECd7kqDTjJxXv0sCxdu7vHULJoPHi6ZUmTumItmIB56Vc0gL7b_wCOvBNuGPabRePS0MZixJherfAlv2G8DrMJ4p4FCTgPYEnfaKV8o7r-t7o65i8HQ/s1600/C+1935+District+E+dry+prong+LA006.jpg" height="155" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Firefighting crew, Camp F-5, Company 5406<br />
Dry Prong, Louisiana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Garages: 202</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Earthen Dams:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>44,490 cubic yards</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Fighting Forest Fires:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>12,495 man days</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Mosquito Control:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>210 acres</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Insect Pest Control:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>775 acres<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguhQ-8Vt-AMimE1SYnXE3qQesisfUTRexumVTdgH35VjZX6DVbN7BQXK_OysAUNjTxgsOLazaWP5muIXLMVmUhsNPjpdj4ZGXgwFwlnpougTCENkJD3znoffti1E7c4mSsGQPZJl3yKvg/s1600/D+1935+District+E+Annual001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguhQ-8Vt-AMimE1SYnXE3qQesisfUTRexumVTdgH35VjZX6DVbN7BQXK_OysAUNjTxgsOLazaWP5muIXLMVmUhsNPjpdj4ZGXgwFwlnpougTCENkJD3znoffti1E7c4mSsGQPZJl3yKvg/s1600/D+1935+District+E+Annual001.jpg" height="173" width="200" /></a></div>
What about specific camp information you might
ask.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is fortunate that there exists
an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Official Annual of District “E’ Fourth
Corps Area</i> that lists accounts of the work of some 68 camps in Louisiana
and Mississippi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Annual’s “History
of District E” section, the command history of the District is spelled out in
great detail and it is interesting to note that the District was initially established
under the command of Major Gooding Packard in May, 1933.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the District history goes on to
report that in September, 1934, Major Packard was replaced by Lt. Col. Leslie
J. McNair of the 4<sup>th</sup> Field Artillery who was in command of the
District only a short time before he was promoted to colonel and ordered to report
to Washington, DC to serve on the staff of the Field Artillery Division
there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students of World War II history
and those eager to learn where CCC officers wound up after the U.S. entered the
war will find it interesting, albeit very tragic, to learn that Lieutenant
General Leslie McNair was killed by U.S. bombs dropped as part of Operation
Cobra, the effort to dislodge German defenses near St. Lo, France on July 25,
1944.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjltVJvNOqyfQBwzsqZHlrt4VrSqFo9WPivwpoVT7Wru5wXF_3YPpa4rVww3rz_AUdManf9o2IsiSw-xyuKpcsGxvVZxJGDXtLgIfsVRWpsgnl_Gk7ZrUbzJMy8sjnYjTWIOXQsdy49Pl4/s1600/E+1935+District+E+HQ+Personnell001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjltVJvNOqyfQBwzsqZHlrt4VrSqFo9WPivwpoVT7Wru5wXF_3YPpa4rVww3rz_AUdManf9o2IsiSw-xyuKpcsGxvVZxJGDXtLgIfsVRWpsgnl_Gk7ZrUbzJMy8sjnYjTWIOXQsdy49Pl4/s1600/E+1935+District+E+HQ+Personnell001.jpg" height="224" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Col. Thomas D. Osborne and Headquarters Staff, Fourth Corps Area, District "E", 1935</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It would seem that, in accordance with racial segregation
prevalent at the time, the 1935 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">District “E”
Annual</i> is divided by race, with the all black, African-American CCC
companies relegated to the rear of the book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Among the companies listed there, is Company 3498, assigned to camp
Army-1-L at Barksdale Field, Louisiana under Lieutenant James C. Barlow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Often, if a local community expressed
opposition to having an all-African-American (“Colored”) CCC company stationed
nearby, the federal government would respond by finding work for the Colored
company on a nearby military base and it is possible that Barksdale Field was
the beneficiary of just such an arrangement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The work of Company 3498 is described in the 1935 District Annual:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">“Road building to the airport proper and over the
reservation has been a major work of the Using Service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emergency landing fields are also being
built.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A saw mill is operated to utilize
the timber being cleared from the roads, and landing fields.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of this lumber is used in making
bridges.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A great portion of it is used
each week to construct targets for the planes on the ranges.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Targets do not last long when bombed by a
group of planes in practice.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_hWclfVbjrB_WOmt5-JhuF__-b_ATDjxPRLsWFUSE4PKNcdZhAf4iArDVRHVPtwDOtdRG4XtZZrIiEieAdUjlR7Nm-iqTLQPFg6shKQ_-Bt8JQhcqVN6ueSzEhspKrZdnrbibpV7PhJ4/s1600/F+1935+District+E+Ann+CO+3498+Barksdale+fld001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_hWclfVbjrB_WOmt5-JhuF__-b_ATDjxPRLsWFUSE4PKNcdZhAf4iArDVRHVPtwDOtdRG4XtZZrIiEieAdUjlR7Nm-iqTLQPFg6shKQ_-Bt8JQhcqVN6ueSzEhspKrZdnrbibpV7PhJ4/s1600/F+1935+District+E+Ann+CO+3498+Barksdale+fld001.jpg" height="142" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Company 3498, Camp Army-1, Barksdale Field, Louisiana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual</i> goes on
to report:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“As evidence of the training
and pleasant conditions existing in this company the following observations may
be made:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The average weight of enrollees
was increased 20 pounds the first 60 days; every man re-enrolled on October 1<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">st</span></sup>;
not a single fist fight or other brawl has taken place during life of the camp;
played baseball during season; men engage in boxing; men have an orchestra with
company instruments.”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Another all-African-American CCC company was assigned to
work on Barksdale Field during this period.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Company 3499 was assigned to camp Army-2-L at Barksdale Field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the 1935 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual</i>, the camp was located a quarter mile from Bodcau Station
near the I.C Railroad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The camp was
established by an initial cadre of 15 white enrollees from Company 1440,
Marion, Louisiana, 125 colored enrollees from Baton Rouge and nearby
communities and an additional 50 colored enrollees from Lafayette and adjoining
parishes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The objectives for Company
3499, according to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual</i>, included
the improvement of Barksdale Reservation by 1) building 25 miles of gravel
roads, 2) building of 25 miles of dirt road with bridges, 3) building of two
emergency landing fields and gun ranges, 4) planting of 1000 pecan trees on
highways in the reservation, 5) building fire prevention roads and fire breaks,
6) giving proper drainage to the entire 22,000 acres.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJXWW66Vmghm_u2vhkQFluUlDKIR1AS7qgwNZ3Ir66varvgBT9pVNK94wLgjL3LoXWP-lOmshsGQIbU-G3gTPu6SaJ1QHZlQuNJfzbZ3ZYsN5JgARPJtxKmgVE2-F_i8F-CXcvLM9v8fQ/s1600/G+1935+District+E+Ann+Camp+L+73003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJXWW66Vmghm_u2vhkQFluUlDKIR1AS7qgwNZ3Ir66varvgBT9pVNK94wLgjL3LoXWP-lOmshsGQIbU-G3gTPu6SaJ1QHZlQuNJfzbZ3ZYsN5JgARPJtxKmgVE2-F_i8F-CXcvLM9v8fQ/s1600/G+1935+District+E+Ann+Camp+L+73003.jpg" height="154" width="200" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Camp L-73-L at Marksville, Louisiana in Avoyelles Parish was
home to Company 1481 according to the 1935 District Annual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The camp was actually situated 6 miles north of
Marksville “in the little village of Moncla, on the banks of the Red River.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company 1481 was a “Colored” company as well,
with white officers and foremen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The educational
advisor for the company was African American.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In Morehouse Parish, Bastrop, Louisiana was home to camp
SP-4-L, where Company 478 was stationed in 1935.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, so the narrative goes, a group of CCC
boys from Georgia became a bit homesick because of a stretch of dismal weather
at Bastrop which was not like the bright sunshine they’d left behind in
Georgia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The narrative goes on to say
that the boys were cheered up immensely by “a big Thanksgiving dinner prepared
under the careful direction of the Assistant Mess Inspector, Second Lt. Bryce Alexander,
348<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> Infantry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The members
were ‘just kids’ again as they sat down to the appetizing meal that made their
away from home Thanksgiving complete.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Jonesboro, Louisiana in Jackson Parish was home to Company
4413 at camp SCS-8-L during 1935.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
camp was under the command of Captain Stanton A. Hall with Ensign F.E.
Johnstone serving as Executive Officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The District Annual refers to this camp as “Camp Colvin” and records
that it was established on August 2, 1935 with an initial detail of 139 men
from New Orleans and its suburbs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
being confined to camp for two weeks, the enrollees were put into the field “to
conserve the soil of the District..” and “For many of these boys, it was their
first experience with pick and shovel and you should have seen how they handled
them for a few days.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A highlight of the
period was the Jackson Parish Fair, held at the camp from October 16<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup>
to the 19<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup>, during which time more than 8,000 people visited the
camp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Everyone seemed to like the Camp
and it gained some mighty good publicity and made friends of people from whom
co-operation is needed to make the Soil Conservation project a success.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the credit for the success of the Fair
belongs to the excellent company commander, Capt. Stanton A. Hall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the ‘daddy’ of the Fair.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In 1935, Company 5408 was assigned to the CCC SCS-1-L at
Minden, Louisiana in Webster Parish, under Lieutenant H.A. Strickland,
commanding officer and Lieutenant C.A. Harris, executive officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The narrative camp history reports that the
enrollees in Company 5408 had an array of diversions to keep them busy,
including an educational program that offered course work in typing and wood
working as well as recreational activities such as baseball, boxing, ping pong,
horseshoes, billiards, shuffleboard, volleyball, checkers, basketball and
bowling as well as books, newspapers and magazines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nevertheless, the company history reports
that “many of the boys have fallen victims of the dreaded ‘acute homesickness,
and the song ‘Two Tickets to Georgia’ has been so popular that the original 198
dwindled to 128 men.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Other notable events and accomplishments reported in the
1935 District “E” Annual include:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The company history for Company 1476 at camp F-1-L, Pollock,
Louisiana, reported that camp exchange officer Lieutenant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eugene Paletz directed the construction of a
“Woodrow Wilson Heart” in the center of camp as “ a reminder of the love and
esteem for the late president after whom the camp is named, Woodrow Wilson.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">On Labor Day, 1935, Company 4421 at camp L-SCS-18, Mount
Hermon, Louisiana, hosted a chicken dinner to which were invited the citizens
of the surrounding communities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A U. S.
congressman attended the event during which the camp was renamed “Camp
Sanders,” and the mess hall and recreation building dedicated as “Melvin Smith
Hall and Oscar James Hall” respectively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Enrollees Smith and James were killed I a bus accident while traveling
home on a weekend pass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Author’s Ren and Helen Davis provide a glimpse of long-term
state park impact of the work of the CCC in Louisiana in their book Our Mark on
This Land (2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Chemin-A-Haut State
Park near Bastrop, enrollees created a wooded park that overlooks Bayou
Bartholomew and the lodge there is host to a CCC exhibit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Chicot State Park near Ville Platte, the
CCC constructed a dam and spillway structure as well as picnic shelters and a
group camp dining hall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fountainebleau
State Park, on Lake Ponchartrain was established in 1936 and developed by CCC
enrollees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here visitors will still see
the park entry structures and roads built by the enrollees, as well as trails and
historic structures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Here are additional images taken from the 1935 <em>Official
Annual of District “E,” Fourth Corps Area Civilian Conservation Corps</em>:</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqjJaZO3jjKY8fxCQrPrvp_Yr3LLHadedR_lWI0I98wIxOScZxtZSX2igKGlP5YLihCxng9voHySpGx_iRxi4UW5Y2iN0TxGIVlY2ZbNG_w2IOXtbhmwOSR43sXolc5EyztnVwK0x86jY/s1600/H+1935+District+E+Calhoun+LA005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqjJaZO3jjKY8fxCQrPrvp_Yr3LLHadedR_lWI0I98wIxOScZxtZSX2igKGlP5YLihCxng9voHySpGx_iRxi4UW5Y2iN0TxGIVlY2ZbNG_w2IOXtbhmwOSR43sXolc5EyztnVwK0x86jY/s1600/H+1935+District+E+Calhoun+LA005.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Survey crew, Company 4411, Camp SCS-6<br />
Calhoun, Louisiana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTGpSHA7SJ5DFDuxSchB_rJdPFq27Rg3pSHCcWt2cZLpjL6dOqb9wpR0pm6b-2HAexSKd0cm5699lDErkCXXnGA8LDoW9k4XXBYxLq_sAtvUdwIXq3htr08tZ9ws41lASfETA3IezIpjk/s1600/I+1935+District+E+Mansfield+LA003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTGpSHA7SJ5DFDuxSchB_rJdPFq27Rg3pSHCcWt2cZLpjL6dOqb9wpR0pm6b-2HAexSKd0cm5699lDErkCXXnGA8LDoW9k4XXBYxLq_sAtvUdwIXq3htr08tZ9ws41lASfETA3IezIpjk/s1600/I+1935+District+E+Mansfield+LA003.jpg" height="153" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Company 4414 enrollees in a stake bed truck.<br />
Camp SCS-9, Mansfield, Louisiana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipHNvkcYDsBj9GqPIntic5cARtQCGMOgowIpFsAvt16fTDIfZwI2374JhC8sqRM_TQ-x2iV1YSEzbcBQSANKiw1VcFU6w31xv0qZsT4uMB0Tyo1ERwGsyu8YnOP1xic432MOw_dT1Z9N4/s1600/A+1935+District+E+dry+prong+LA008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipHNvkcYDsBj9GqPIntic5cARtQCGMOgowIpFsAvt16fTDIfZwI2374JhC8sqRM_TQ-x2iV1YSEzbcBQSANKiw1VcFU6w31xv0qZsT4uMB0Tyo1ERwGsyu8YnOP1xic432MOw_dT1Z9N4/s1600/A+1935+District+E+dry+prong+LA008.jpg" height="200" width="191" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Camp F-5, Dry Prong, Louisiana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMiR54Txj1DDuTtAHqrCoNMuxoLh08pSAkz7pJefJDf_27czwxk3eEwFPNFcqYCmh0WJZ-X9xvDnVvirN4VPulrroQSWZuoVb_zTAppoGMhFDia6MLUPoKe7DF8AAXlmGkNmoCfN0P0XM/s1600/J+1935+District+E+dry+prong+LA007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMiR54Txj1DDuTtAHqrCoNMuxoLh08pSAkz7pJefJDf_27czwxk3eEwFPNFcqYCmh0WJZ-X9xvDnVvirN4VPulrroQSWZuoVb_zTAppoGMhFDia6MLUPoKe7DF8AAXlmGkNmoCfN0P0XM/s1600/J+1935+District+E+dry+prong+LA007.jpg" height="307" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A friendly boxing match at Camp F-5, Dry Prong, Louisiana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN0cPF-4PXqI68YajhSNbuTaZjarTdZDFw_Csw10JSDn-oKg168IL1XUoxlIvkoouyuPc1waKCMqXf9A_BVACGmtEKRAWF1u_3fVID3sbAWUY6ApK9I3hUq-jDQMrmdBiTNn8N0ybAXiM/s1600/L+1935+District+E++Keithville+LA001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN0cPF-4PXqI68YajhSNbuTaZjarTdZDFw_Csw10JSDn-oKg168IL1XUoxlIvkoouyuPc1waKCMqXf9A_BVACGmtEKRAWF1u_3fVID3sbAWUY6ApK9I3hUq-jDQMrmdBiTNn8N0ybAXiM/s1600/L+1935+District+E++Keithville+LA001.jpg" height="166" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Enrollees from Company 4491, Camp SCS-21, Keithville, Louisiana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">SOURCES</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Davis, Ren & Helen, (2011), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Mark on This Land: A Guide to the Legacy of the Civilian
Conservation Corps in America’s Parks</i>, The McDonald & Woodward
Publishing Company.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Official Annual for
District E for 1935</i>, Direct Advertising Company, Baton Rouge, LA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Merrill, Perry H, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s
Forest Army</i>, 1981, Perry H. Merrill, Publisher.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">U.S. Government Printing Office<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1937</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Copyright, 2014, Michael I. Smith<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-8723458512877097002014-01-27T17:50:00.001-08:002014-02-18T14:20:47.291-08:00Thank you, John Salmond<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy3TgItQz8MIywdUSSi7p2axQnZMwPtct9UGf8OgvxT4kp2bk7EqLsCg67bbB8jzcS-qJpLM_Kk9q6EH_-xbCL2ddLpGZ8QnyzOQGUxfEtpWgPS6GvpHkqCzv0yU104XkMsiCKCFOCvt4/s1600/John-Salmond-a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy3TgItQz8MIywdUSSi7p2axQnZMwPtct9UGf8OgvxT4kp2bk7EqLsCg67bbB8jzcS-qJpLM_Kk9q6EH_-xbCL2ddLpGZ8QnyzOQGUxfEtpWgPS6GvpHkqCzv0yU104XkMsiCKCFOCvt4/s1600/John-Salmond-a.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For anyone who makes even a passing study of the subject,
the arc of Civilian Conservation Corps history swings right through John A
Salmond’s book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Civilian Conservation
Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case Study</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Open any scholarly work on the subject of the CCC and odds are good
you’ll see Salmond listed in the notes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I refer to Salmond’s book nearly every time I fire up the computer to
write and I have done so for more than 20 years. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Occasionally I will conduct an internet search for Dr.
Salmond and it was in this way that I contacted him by email back in early
2006.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a gracious response to a
stranger’s email from overseas Dr. Salmond expressed surprise over the long-running
success of his book, writing, “…it has always surprised me that my little book,
now long out of print, remains the standard work on the Corps.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To my great surprise and satisfaction, Dr. Salmond
also agreed to help me with my CCC writing efforts, including the book on which
it seems I have been “working” for years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sadly, while I remain optimistic that I will actually complete my own
book on the Civilian Conservation Corps, John Salmond will definitely not be
writing the forward for that book as I had originally hoped.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Last week, during one of my occasional internet searches for
“John A. Salmond,” I found a La Trobe University tribute to the late professor,
which you can view </span><a href="http://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/announcements/2013/tribute-emeritus-professor-john-salmond"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">here.</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
seems Dr. Salmond passed away last summer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJ3EXaSLzIpotP0xQqoYSf6oyxP4B4bfoWtA8lI8i7OoMPTc22vNBVL9UmsUn3w6_7IetWDQSNjjdEhVuqfVHdZTZwXxOuUzHVCSfpU1r5k0dIuYHfasfQUcSEESgaTYSr5BTqneL4AM/s1600/Salmond+Book+Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJ3EXaSLzIpotP0xQqoYSf6oyxP4B4bfoWtA8lI8i7OoMPTc22vNBVL9UmsUn3w6_7IetWDQSNjjdEhVuqfVHdZTZwXxOuUzHVCSfpU1r5k0dIuYHfasfQUcSEESgaTYSr5BTqneL4AM/s1600/Salmond+Book+Cover.jpg" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is no exaggeration to say that John Salmond’s work is the
foundation upon which some 40 odd years of Civilian Conservation Corps scholarship
rests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When a historian, scholar or
freelance researcher works on CCC history, they stand on John Salmond’s
shoulders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My interest in the CCC was
fired initially by my grandfather’s work for the Forest Service in the 1930s
but my ongoing work and research of the CCC has been propelled forward because,
early on, in an Arizona State University library, I discovered John A. Salmond’s
valuable contribution to the study of our beloved Civilian Conservation
Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Godspeed, Dr. Salmond, and thank
you.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo of John A. Salmond is from the La Trobe University
website.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Image of the book cover, from
the author’s collection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">©Michael I. Smith, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-40608990368017295842013-12-09T18:25:00.003-08:002014-02-18T14:21:16.500-08:00Help Preserve a Piece of CCC History<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNKSM1KUalLXGvi3VuMDejRL-HqKlkctZM30444FZ3-vXRN_OVCPx02rFaYPbWzr1fLunm1kjRD1ZldUXubtT6VnwSkomSA6HVUIOGVMSxgPR-v9Mz3hgsUABVGOlegl0Vnx5zjxPTCmo/s1600/Pineville+Header.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNKSM1KUalLXGvi3VuMDejRL-HqKlkctZM30444FZ3-vXRN_OVCPx02rFaYPbWzr1fLunm1kjRD1ZldUXubtT6VnwSkomSA6HVUIOGVMSxgPR-v9Mz3hgsUABVGOlegl0Vnx5zjxPTCmo/s400/Pineville+Header.jpg" height="107" width="400" /></a></div>
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Will we understand the
value of our history only after we have lost it?<o:p></o:p></h4>
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In addition to helping
folks find information about the Civilian Conservation Corps, another critical
component to this thing we call CCC “resources” is the preservation of endangered
items and bits of information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearly a
resource is of no use if it’s wasted, lost, destroyed or hidden away so deep in
an archive vault that the average person cannot access it.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I was recently contacted
by the folks at Appalshop Archive in Whitesburg, Kentucky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It seems there is silent film footage shot at
Camp SP-10-K near Pineville, Kentucky in 1938 that is in need of
preservation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the sake of getting
the word out quickly, I’ve pulled a quote directly from their fundraising site:<o:p></o:p></div>
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“In 2008 the Appalshop
Archive received the donation of a 1938 16mm silent b/w film documenting the
CCC camp in Pine Mountain State Park near the coal mining community of
Pineville, KY.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was made by Park
superintendent and CCC supervisor Carl Zody.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Camp SP-10 men are seen constructing roads and bridges, operating
vehicles, and cutting native sandstone for the Laurel Cove amphitheater (which
is still a local landmark central to the town’s annual Kentucky Mountain Laurel
Festival).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The at-risk film is the most
extensive known moving image materials of CCC activity in Pineville.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is also unique in that it was made by a
Park employee rather than by the U.S. Department of the Interior, whose films
were intended to promote the program to the public.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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I think the critical
thing to consider in this case is that the effort is to raise funds in order to
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">preserve and exhibit</i> this rare piece
of film history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Preservation</i> of CCC history will insure that items are kept safe
but possibly never seen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exhibition</i> of CCC history brings the CCC
story to thousands but risks damage to the items being exhibited.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The folks at Appalshop Archive are working to
do both and they need the public’s help to make that happen.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Again, because Appalshop
is working to meet a fundraising deadline, I’ve chosen to pull the contact
information directly from their website in order to get this piece posted as
soon as possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here is how you can
help:<o:p></o:p></div>
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“To donate by credit card
go to the Contribute Now button at the top right of this page (<a href="http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/appalachia-coal-camps-home-movies-and-the-ccc?c=activity"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/appalachia-coal-camps-home-movies-and-the-ccc?c=activity</span></a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you would prefer to make your
tax-deductible contribution by check, just make it payable to APPALSHOP, INC.
and mail to: Appalshop Archive, 91 Madison Ave, Whitesburg, KY, 41858.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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There are premiums
offered based on the level of contribution you make – call it a “perk” or an
incentive – but there is also a deadline for the current fundraising effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To view the fundraising web page and to see
the range of incentives being offered, visit the website here (scroll down the
page to view the section on the Pineville CCC film):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/appalachia-coal-camps-home-movies-and-the-ccc?c=activity"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/appalachia-coal-camps-home-movies-and-the-ccc?c=activity</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Think of it this way:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Somewhere, there are people searching for
information about a family member or a loved one who worked in a CCC camp in
Kentucky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wouldn’t you feel great if you
knew that you’d helped make it easier for those folks to perhaps catch a
glimpse of their CCC boy on film?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
should be incentive enough.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">For a history of the CCC in
Kentucky, see Connie M. Huddleston’s book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kentucky’s
Civilian Conservation Corps</i>, 2009, The History Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">For the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CCC Resource Page</i> State-by-State article about the CCC in Kentucky,
click </span><a href="http://cccresources.blogspot.com/search/label/Kentucky"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">HERE.</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">For previous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forest Army</i> blog posts related to the CCC in Kentucky, click </span><a href="http://www.forestarmy.blogspot.com/search/label/Kentucky"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">HERE.</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Header illustration:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Edited detail from the CCC Company photo, Camden, Maine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Courtesy of John McLeod.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-10953134723558763592013-08-21T21:38:00.000-07:002013-08-21T21:38:04.040-07:00Remembering Some of the Dead at Blackwater Creek
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNWRhLvznmYvBUGUjy6ZYzaPGKjRCReVm8xw-DsOij6fwyymEc0dX7Oy7imFsSXjcANtpaunBTNmn0EIFLYnHYntNeuvyII4CpZZjgQTT_aK0MTeWXci5S3ZJcVrSy3ui0f1g9BuUOjmQ/s1600/Blackwater+Smoke001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNWRhLvznmYvBUGUjy6ZYzaPGKjRCReVm8xw-DsOij6fwyymEc0dX7Oy7imFsSXjcANtpaunBTNmn0EIFLYnHYntNeuvyII4CpZZjgQTT_aK0MTeWXci5S3ZJcVrSy3ui0f1g9BuUOjmQ/s200/Blackwater+Smoke001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">August is a bastard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blazing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Deadly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you’re lucky, August
will break your will, steal what little hope you have left and leave you
dejected, hoping and praying for September or, better yet, October.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you’re unlucky, perhaps a bit too slow, a
bit too tired, a bit too inexperienced or careless, or wearing the wrong kind
of boots, that bastard August will kill you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If you’re really unlucky, August will wipe out any vestige that you even
existed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">August 21, 2013 marks the 76<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> anniversary of the
blow up in Blackwater Creek, a fiery August conflagration that took the lives
of 15 firefighters, most of them young Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees
who battled wildfire on a rugged mountain slope hundreds of miles from their
Texas homes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have posted more than one
article related to the events that occurred in the Shoshone National Forest
that blazing hot August afternoon and yet thoughts of that hot, smoky,
fire-filled afternoon always come back to me when this bastard month rolls
around and I begin to feel it’s too hot for my own good and then just as
quickly, I remember that it isn’t likely ever going to be too hot where I am,
compared to some panicky boys on a steep mountainside far from home in 1937.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Particularly heartbreaking is the fact that, while we know
very little about the men who died fighting the Blackwater Fire, we know virtually
nothing whatsoever of the CCC enrollees whose names filled the bulk of that
tragic headcount in 1937.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of the dead
men who were variously in charge of the fire suppression work at Blackwater we
know that one (Alfred G. Clayton) was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1892 and
that he was considered to be a ranger of the “old school” and that he was an
accomplished artist and writer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know
that another (21-year-old Rex A. Hale) was originally from Afton, Wyoming, that
he worked his way of from CCC enrollee to a full-time Forest Service position
as Junior Assistant to Technician and that he left behind a wife and infant
daughter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know that another of the
leaders who perished on the Blackwater Fire (Paul E. Tyrrell) was a graduate of
the University of California’s school of forestry, that he became a Junior
Forester in February 1937 and that he died as a result of burns he suffered
while trying to protect others during the fire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Finally we know that one of those in charge of firefighting crews that
day at Blackwater Creek (James T. Saban) had struggled with personal demons
that had, in the past, forced him to leave work in forestry for a time and that
he had only been back working in the woods professionally for about 3 weeks
when the Blackwater blow up took his life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ranger Clayton and the men who were trapped in the gulch
probably didn’t have a good deal of time in which to consider their impending
fate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A mortally injured enrollee, Roy
Bevens, was found within 60 feet of Ranger Clayton, Foreman Saban, Junior Assistant
to Technician Hale and enrollees Gerdes, Griffith, Mayabb and Rogers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bevens pointed out the location of the
fatality site in the gulch and reportedly expressed his thanks to God for
having survived, but he would later die from his burns. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">As for the group of men with Ranger Post, the fire and the
terrain provided time to weigh options, to take action, to pray and to panic,
but there wasn’t evidently much time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
the end, a rocky point was their last refuge as smoke enveloped them and flames
surrounded them on all sides.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The group
shifted from one side of the clearing to another to avoid the heat and flames.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Foremen and members of the technical services
struggled to keep order in the chaos and in some cases, literally fought with
the panicked men in order to keep them from bolting from the rocky clearing and
its scant prospects for safety from the inferno all around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among the men trapped on the ridge with
Ranger Post that blazing, smoking fearful August afternoon were CCC enrollees
Earnest Seelke, Rubin Sherry, Clyde Allen and Herman Patzke.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seelke, Sherry, Allen and Patzke made a break
for it, along with Bureau of Public Roads employee Billy Lea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only one would survive the effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The men were told to lie down, but according to Ranger
Post’s account after the tragedy, many insisted on sitting up or even standing
in order to say prayers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ranger Post
noted later:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">“Nearly all the boys grew panicky and instead of lying down
as instructed, a good many of them stood up and ran to the edge of the park,
turned and came back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of the boys
did not listen to any orders, instructions or cautioning and were insistent
upon standing up and saying their prayers.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Foreman Paul Tyrrell restrained panicked enrollees at the
expense of his own safety; as he lay atop the panic stricken lads his body
created a shield that protected the boys from the heat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the flames subsided, Foreman Paul
Tyrrell would be helped from the burn area only to succumb to pneumonia a few
days later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">For others trapped on what would later be named Post Point,
death came a bit more quickly, but only just a bit and certainly in no less a
traumatic fashion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sam Van Arsdale, a
worker with the Bureau of Public Roads made a break for it at one point only to
retreat back into the clearing but not before seeing others make a similar less
successful break for safety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Van Arsdale
survived with burns but he recounted seeing other runners lie down in the
flames, seemingly resigned to their fate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Van Arsdale later recounted his ordeal:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">“I tried to get away from that terrible heat…I remember
there were other fellows running with me down the hill the first time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But they didn’t turn around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I guess they tried to run on through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I saw some of them just lay down in there and
let the fire burn over them.” (The Helena (Montana) Independent, August 24,
1937.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In all likelihood, Sam Van Arsdale was witness to the death
of some who chose to make a break for it:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bureau of Public Roads employee Billy Lea or CCC enrollees Earnest Seelke,
Rubin Sherry, Clyde Allen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>History records
that only Herman Patzke survived his dash through the flames.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">So here, for the first time that I am aware, are images of the four CCC enrollees who chose to make a run though the flames that blazing hot afternoon on a Wyoming mountainside 76 years ago. History seems to have forgotten them, but not quite.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEAkOJNlOyrLq9412j5czP7FZKCgqoIPRyMSndupy-w7sLJXw81ScfDrUuAoZypi-gVhAfa-_xq2Yybg4sQ5Iz7UAGlHT7DzDRnN-Jb1tsAsYMCws0TaCp8V5BbDmz0IMXmbzi56b4f6E/s1600/Blackwater+Allen001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEAkOJNlOyrLq9412j5czP7FZKCgqoIPRyMSndupy-w7sLJXw81ScfDrUuAoZypi-gVhAfa-_xq2Yybg4sQ5Iz7UAGlHT7DzDRnN-Jb1tsAsYMCws0TaCp8V5BbDmz0IMXmbzi56b4f6E/s200/Blackwater+Allen001.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CCC enrollee Clyde Allen, killed at Blackwater Creek, Wyoming.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRR2DiiSw9W6UHQopeJArHNSaEZTVRdx_YOTou7PkXYpfTTL9iCUIieKUTtNvmiMIorCEjT_d0WTHwHyhyphenhyphenbn2qVplKx1kztDKzhK9X2zzvPo8iuwhOD6Hfye0mTcoz8MRViVC3687JdHY/s1600/Blackwater+Sherry001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRR2DiiSw9W6UHQopeJArHNSaEZTVRdx_YOTou7PkXYpfTTL9iCUIieKUTtNvmiMIorCEjT_d0WTHwHyhyphenhyphenbn2qVplKx1kztDKzhK9X2zzvPo8iuwhOD6Hfye0mTcoz8MRViVC3687JdHY/s200/Blackwater+Sherry001.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CCC enrollee Rubin Sherry, killed at Blackwater Creek, Wyoming</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfkwUBGwHNgCbrho0fDCzKBZp27g-QQ2B4PQhqmxgrnKxznyRAwNLQ1TTD5UfHZkTN_c9cjnnuI_6zKK6_9azudqm3vnoZG9eHjpddDDHD_TwV3xAdV1UkAMKmsRjLA7iZWEOZJ9dYYvY/s200/Blackwater+Seelke001.jpg" width="186" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CCC enrollee Earnest Seelke, killed at Blackwater Creek, Wyoming.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXZ51Y_fKjj056TMPV98BS0s2Ew_WdncD2JvssqCphKwXAg5XlTth8Dj2jITV5bwTnf3CeZKSViGpPjEG4ESloz7Ssu-CpiT-lblW443i_xJj4r-7qY4y2PpZuOl3QGgB7bIor9F3OdU/s1600/Blackwater+Patzke001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXZ51Y_fKjj056TMPV98BS0s2Ew_WdncD2JvssqCphKwXAg5XlTth8Dj2jITV5bwTnf3CeZKSViGpPjEG4ESloz7Ssu-CpiT-lblW443i_xJj4r-7qY4y2PpZuOl3QGgB7bIor9F3OdU/s200/Blackwater+Patzke001.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CCC enrollee Patzke, Blackwater Creek Survivor.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-36124731981480111322013-08-12T19:41:00.000-07:002013-08-12T19:42:37.091-07:00A New Online Resource: Forest Outings, 1940<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0gWwdnsTNgEzhPQe1Ei_WS_2xt3SH-23mVWpUv0LFNzSsv5-4GrD2Ct_zd0cWgOs_xePgDE9axzLfew7QQBoNGE-ufLJD_yQTyDL0iPyyS46ScdX_vj1nXMrxASZ7nuX_O-X3k3qDmJk/s1600/Forest+Outings+Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0gWwdnsTNgEzhPQe1Ei_WS_2xt3SH-23mVWpUv0LFNzSsv5-4GrD2Ct_zd0cWgOs_xePgDE9axzLfew7QQBoNGE-ufLJD_yQTyDL0iPyyS46ScdX_vj1nXMrxASZ7nuX_O-X3k3qDmJk/s200/Forest+Outings+Cover.jpg" width="141" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This post will be brief, but I felt it important to share an
online resource that has some good references to the Civilian Conservation
Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Better still, this is a primary
source document published before the abolishment of the CCC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The publication is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forest Outings</i>, edited by Russell Lord and published by the United
States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service in 1940.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can access the entire text of this book </span><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/outings/contents.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">here.</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Though it is a study of our forests and their uses, there
are numerous references to the CCC and to CCC work in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forest Outings</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps more
importantly<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Forest Outings</i> is a
snapshot of forester’s attitudes about forestry and land management in the late
1930s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t recall ever seeing more
than one copy of Forest Outings in my travels so I’m very excited to find that
the book has been made available online so that anyone with an interest may
access it and use it as a research or reference tool.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I hope that some of you will find it useful,
too.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3KQLUoJPPA0MWtYb2NRunrKmc3g5ViW8nZqkXE9Kh_9Ma5Hvwcj1t0T7gpmPx1lmc-tQfDrSdjuS14EXouzV4pYQ5MFYJDXH1b3PeMN9VQbQ-ahdY30zUrqdUpOH2BmGviUh9kVNX6Hg/s1600/Forest+Outings+Camp+Seeley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3KQLUoJPPA0MWtYb2NRunrKmc3g5ViW8nZqkXE9Kh_9Ma5Hvwcj1t0T7gpmPx1lmc-tQfDrSdjuS14EXouzV4pYQ5MFYJDXH1b3PeMN9VQbQ-ahdY30zUrqdUpOH2BmGviUh9kVNX6Hg/s320/Forest+Outings+Camp+Seeley.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVjn7wxMmTvKctjL3KhvC5rrLdxiYHkXz6VcORykVg7ZV-ArszoNZf9S-Iw58BSlDawPo0GwU2R1Vg5rhtjhS86lkOItChycgdEAaZfA-QULqDPVn08cQjwMB4ndDpDLNDt4SNh_048aU/s1600/Forest+Outings+seeley+Lake+Campground.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVjn7wxMmTvKctjL3KhvC5rrLdxiYHkXz6VcORykVg7ZV-ArszoNZf9S-Iw58BSlDawPo0GwU2R1Vg5rhtjhS86lkOItChycgdEAaZfA-QULqDPVn08cQjwMB4ndDpDLNDt4SNh_048aU/s320/Forest+Outings+seeley+Lake+Campground.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-34586548595304890112013-08-05T17:21:00.000-07:002013-08-05T17:21:40.428-07:00State-By-State: Kentucky<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmo0WyJL00qlUr22Wy2UDWszgb3zA2wMv0sihesPi3OPgoBY2_Z5A22lsJ7n2o5wFXXOjzek7jUj0BOIbWTBIx6pvhE3wTpwoxg4IZRUbQLzuVPiUVmHSLB4WI7zRMmKcG02v5srHOU0s/s1600/KY+Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmo0WyJL00qlUr22Wy2UDWszgb3zA2wMv0sihesPi3OPgoBY2_Z5A22lsJ7n2o5wFXXOjzek7jUj0BOIbWTBIx6pvhE3wTpwoxg4IZRUbQLzuVPiUVmHSLB4WI7zRMmKcG02v5srHOU0s/s320/KY+Map.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1938 Camp Map for Kentucky</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If you are looking for detailed information on the work of
the CCC in Kentucky, you’re really in luck because there is at least one book
devoted to CCC work in that state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kentucky’s Civilian Conservation Corps </i>by
Connie M. Huddleston will be a boon to anyone researching Kentucky’s CCC work;
the photos and illustrations alone make it a real treasure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am especially drawn to Huddleston’s text
and photos related to the work of the CCC at Cumberland Falls State Park.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few years ago, the annual Civilian
Conservation Corps reunion was held at Cumberland Falls State Park so in the
case of Kentucky, I have some photos of my own to share.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To access an article about the reunion that I
posted at the Forest Army blog back in 2007, click </span><a href="http://forestarmy.blogspot.com/2007/10/national-ccc-reunion-huge-success.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">here.</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Huddleston notes that the first CCC camps established in
Kentucky were those at Cumberland Falls and Mammoth Cave and that by October
1935 a total of 35 camps had been opened in the Bluegrass State.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More to the point, Perry Merrill provides a
snapshot of camp totals in his book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s
Forest Army</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Merrill,
there were 44 CCC camps in Kentucky in June 1937.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This total is likely taken from the annual
reports published by the U.S. Government Printing Office in Washington, D.C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Annual Report of the Director of
Emergency Conservation Work for fiscal year ended June 30 1937 gives the
breakdown of camps by types in Kentucky exactly as reported by Merrill,
specifically:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCpAreRYoXEqlzp4pSTReAfX0mBl5YCucoRFQz5P2eVkVPLsYMI59PSqFTzdmj2p4xWgeLb4xm2HxVmv5QAeFAOESJ-yr-R4Lk4LTG8DDMLGT0gqo9LfP9hVea8_CeKLRhI9GuNsyCtoc/s1600/Wall+and+Bench+at+Cumberland+Falls.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCpAreRYoXEqlzp4pSTReAfX0mBl5YCucoRFQz5P2eVkVPLsYMI59PSqFTzdmj2p4xWgeLb4xm2HxVmv5QAeFAOESJ-yr-R4Lk4LTG8DDMLGT0gqo9LfP9hVea8_CeKLRhI9GuNsyCtoc/s320/Wall+and+Bench+at+Cumberland+Falls.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CCC-built bench and steps, Cumberland Falls, KY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
National Forest Camp: 8</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
State Forest Camps: 1</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Private Forest Camps: 8</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Agricultural Engineering Camps: 2</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Soil Conservation Camps: 14</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
National Parks Camps: 4</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
State Park Camps: 6</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Military Reservation Camps: 1<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The total monthly enrolled strength for enrollees entering
the CCC from Kentucky in fiscal year 1937 was reported as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
July 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>11,272</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
August 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>10,750</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
September 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>8,907</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIWy1uwjgQ584fKj85JkR3WGIVfAvzxx17BMyjE_EvGhOWV2HOnahf42tShNdwBdzZKogQr6RMnHOS7JYLa7XwLWiKLusoAHq1g6jfgoHpWPZg-4eZybElhaD_btJtRZIdJqUGSwIG_E/s1600/Fort+Knox+Conditioning+Camp+1934.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIWy1uwjgQ584fKj85JkR3WGIVfAvzxx17BMyjE_EvGhOWV2HOnahf42tShNdwBdzZKogQr6RMnHOS7JYLa7XwLWiKLusoAHq1g6jfgoHpWPZg-4eZybElhaD_btJtRZIdJqUGSwIG_E/s200/Fort+Knox+Conditioning+Camp+1934.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ft Knox CCC Conditioning Camp, 1934<br />
(Click to enlarge.)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
October 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>13,289</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
November 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>12,779</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
December 1936:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>12,158</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
January 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>12,901<o:p></o:p></div>
February 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>12,342<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
March 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>8,392<o:p></o:p></div>
April 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>12,641<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
May 1937:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>12,014<o:p></o:p></div>
June 1927:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>10,956<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;">T</span></o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">he Annual Report of
the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps</i> for fiscal year ended June
30, 1939 reported that the total number of camps in Kentucky was down to 28,
broken down as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
National Monument Camps:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
State Park Camps: 3</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
National Forest Camps: 4</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
State Forest Camps: 1<o:p></o:p></div>
Private Forest Camps: 5<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Agricultural Engineering Camps: 2<br />
<o:p></o:p><br />
Soil Conservation Service Camps: 10<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is worth noting that along with the lower number of camps
in Kentucky in fiscal year 1939 compared to fiscal year 1937, the number of
enrollees joining the CCC from Kentucky each month was also significantly lower
in 1939; just 7,631 in July 1938, 7,271 in November 1938, 7,111 in January 1939
and 4,169 in March of 1939.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One might
speculate as to the reason behind such a drop in enrollment numbers from 1937
to 1939 (the enrollment count for Kentucky in March 1939 was only about half of
what it was compared to March 1937).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perhaps the economy was improving, perhaps there were more agricultural
jobs available for seasonal workers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps
Kentucky’s quota of enrollees had been reduced.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We do know that by 1939 enrollees from eastern states, including
Kentucky, were being shipped out to the western United States where there was a
greater need for their labor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In his book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942</i>, John Salmond points to an even more
compelling reason for a decline in enrollment numbers between 1937 and
1939.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After some four years of priming
the nation’s economic pump, the Roosevelt administration was desperate to rein
in spending and to balance its budget.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Consequently, in late 1937 CCC Director Robert Fechner was told that
estimates for the 1938-1939 fiscal year had been reduced by $125 million.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fechner pointed out that this would mean
closing just over 400 CCC camps nationwide by July of 1938 but his protests
fell on deaf ears.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reductions were
made as a budget balancing measure and this is likely one major reason for the
reduction in the number of camps in Kentucky between fiscal year 1937 and
fiscal year 1939.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Even with a reduction in the total number of camps, the CCC
accomplished great things in Kentucky during fiscal year 1939.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here are some examples from that year alone,
taken from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report</i> for
1939:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Vehicle Bridges:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>14</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Pipeline:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>11,654 linear feet<o:p></o:p></div>
Permanent Check Dams:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>73<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Temporary Check Dams:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,305<o:p></o:p></div>
Seed Collection, Conifers:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>79 bushels<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Seed Collection, Hardwoods:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10,536 bushels<o:p></o:p></div>
Collection of Tree Seedlings:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9,270 seedlings<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Firefighting, Forest Fires:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10,515 man days<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Remember that these figures are for a single year
(1938-1939).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Multiply this effort over
the 9 year lifespan of the CCC and you truly have a noteworthy list of
accomplishments in Kentucky alone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Naturally, this effort was not accomplished without some sacrifice, and
the cost was occasionally documented in the pages of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>, the official newspaper of the CCC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Likely the first incidence of a CCC fatality
in Kentucky to be documented in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy
Days</i> was the death of Jack Stafford, which was reported in the April 14,
1934 issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jack was killed in a truck
accident during a trip home and it would seem that enrollees in Kentucky were
especially prone to accidents during their free time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The March 3, 1940 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i> reported that Daniel Miller,
an enrollee with Company 512 at Chappell, Kentucky, was accidently shot and
killed by his nephew while on leave.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
August 3, 1940 issue reported the death of enrollee John Elliot, also from
Company 512 at Chappell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elliot was
killed in an auto accident en route back to camp while on leave. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>W.P. Harris, an enrollee with Company 1562 at
Madisonville, Kentucky was killed in a work related truck accident (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>, August 4, 1934) and Carl F.
Snyder of Company 563, Corbin, Kentucky, was killed in a logging accident (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>, May 25, 1935).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">By and large, CCC camps were welcomed by residents of nearby
communities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is estimated that the
establishment of a CCC camp meant an additional $5,000 in expenditures in the
local community so it makes sense that local towns would welcome the CCC simply
from a monetary standpoint.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But CCC
enrollees often endeared themselves to residents of nearby cities and towns as
a result of their work and often as a result of their behavior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
CCC Chronicles</i>, Alfred Cornebise notes that the local librarian in
Henderson, Kentucky was moved to write an editorial about the local CCC camp,
her words of praise appeared in the Company 1540 camp newspaper, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cromwell Cardinal</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The librarian wrote that “rarely does a
detachment of men, stationed near a town, make the good impression on the
community that the CCC Camp has made on Henderson…<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This most satisfactory condition is due, of
course, not only to the boys but to the institution of the camp, to its
discipline, its educational system, to its general conditions.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqqOLttTzaioMCnmUQG1oPF1o_O9njp1RdE6WIJheatjpirEKY7IxrnIoQgkEMMI_k1GqOubJAilA4ZoqhmRhjSa9F6KDoQwBSZId9i5sVHUPcK6qaD1bhkWzJDq_dh1Nj_uFRwRKJKH8/s1600/Stone+wall+at+Cumberland+Falls.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqqOLttTzaioMCnmUQG1oPF1o_O9njp1RdE6WIJheatjpirEKY7IxrnIoQgkEMMI_k1GqOubJAilA4ZoqhmRhjSa9F6KDoQwBSZId9i5sVHUPcK6qaD1bhkWzJDq_dh1Nj_uFRwRKJKH8/s400/Stone+wall+at+Cumberland+Falls.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CCC-built stone steps and retaining wall, Cumberland Falls, Kentucky</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cornebise, Alfred Emile, The CCC Chronicles: Camp Newspapers
of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942. Macfarland and Co., Jefferson,
North Carolina, 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Huddleston, Connie, M., Kentucky’s Civilian Conservation
Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The History Press, Charleston,
South Carolina, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Merrill, Perry H, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s
Forest Army</i>, 1981, Perry H. Merrill, Publisher.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Salmond, John A., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A New Deal Case Study</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Duke
University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 1967<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">U.S. Government Printing Office<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1937</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">U.S. Government Printing Office, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1939</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Copyright, 2013, Michael I. Smith<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-64124833272757207902013-06-10T18:25:00.001-07:002013-06-10T18:30:04.538-07:00State-by-State: The CCC in Kansas<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTkNTInH28i25smCaBywaOm2EK8oy_oSlElYY4u5dQYXO875AD80yrr6Ro57kebZpPbuT7cDV3-kAewPtOm3eCa0gwO6iE-fgVvla7x7-FA2qeaHzOrPL5c_DuI5_5itvbIflQNNEKwdU/s1600/Kansas+Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTkNTInH28i25smCaBywaOm2EK8oy_oSlElYY4u5dQYXO875AD80yrr6Ro57kebZpPbuT7cDV3-kAewPtOm3eCa0gwO6iE-fgVvla7x7-FA2qeaHzOrPL5c_DuI5_5itvbIflQNNEKwdU/s320/Kansas+Map.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Look closely at the 1938 map of Kansas Civilian Conservation
Corps camps (above) and you’ll see that all but one were “SCS” – Soil Conservation
Service – camps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why do you suppose this
was?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The state of Kansas lies in the heart of what has come to be
known as the “Dust Bowl” region of the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed if you study the map of the dust bowl
region that appears in Timothy Egan’s outstanding book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Worst Hard Time</i>, you’ll see that more of Kansas lies in the
dust bowl region than any of her neighboring states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Egan notes that on a single day, “Black
Sunday,” April 14, 1935, more than 300,000 tons of topsoil was carried aloft by
the arid wind; twice as much dirt as was excavated to carve the Panama Canal!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Most scholars agree now that much of the dust bowl disaster
can be attributed to unwise farming practices that degraded the topsoil, making
it vulnerable to drought and high winds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sadly, the CCC, like the Soil Conservation Service, came along too late
to avoid the worst effects of the dust bowl, however it is safe to say that the
creation of the CCC helped reverse the trend of rip and tear agriculture,
perhaps avoiding further erosion and damage to the land.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Congress appropriated funds to create the Soil Conservation
Service just a few days after “Black Sunday” in 1935 and in short order across
the U.S. 150 CCC camps previously under the U.S. Forest Service were reassigned
for work under the SCS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But that doesn’t
mean there weren’t some terrific recreational improvements made by the CCC in
Kansas, as we’ll see.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Not surprisingly perhaps, Ren and Helen Davis list only one
Kansas park in their book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Mark On
This Land</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the Davises,
the only Kansas state park to benefit from CCC labor did so as a result of work
by enrollees in an SCS camp:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Camp
SCS-10-K.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Camp SCS-10-K was situated in
the southeastern corner of Kansas, but you’ll notice that the 1938 CCC camp map
shows an SP-2 up in the northwesterly part of Kansas; this is a discrepancy
that I am currently unable to completely reconcile.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The facts are unclear even in Perry Merrill’s
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s Forest Army</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the state section devoted to CCC work in
Kansas, Merrill notes that there was one state park camp in Kansas in June of
1937, however later in the section he writes that there were no state parks in
Kansas until 1955.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The editor at </span><a href="http://kansas-ccc.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">The
Civilian Conservation Corps in Kansas</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> very kindly provided some insight
into the nature of parks work by the CCC in Kansas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While a map of Kansas CCC camps might appear
to be heavily laden with SCS designated camps, there were aspects of the soil
conservation projects that translated directly to parks and recreation work
resulting in park type improvements – including a number of lakes - even if the
underlying nature of the camp and company was soil conservation or erosion
control.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">At the end of the day we can take the numbers directly from
the fiscal year 1937 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the
Director of Emergency Conservation Work</i> which lists the breakdown of Kansas
CCC camps thus:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPRqVdwIcTjauhOIt1ks-yuimw_05JUvcxpzd7RGmnobu3kCHEa1OK40HkGSgK_EROx84GvR6ROcpdCbSfvOchV22TaNJaV_kNpxrYWwU7EcPZNQfACajE8E2SSjcb2pTtmhm10Ut48zU/s1600/1939+Annual+Rept+Cover001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPRqVdwIcTjauhOIt1ks-yuimw_05JUvcxpzd7RGmnobu3kCHEa1OK40HkGSgK_EROx84GvR6ROcpdCbSfvOchV22TaNJaV_kNpxrYWwU7EcPZNQfACajE8E2SSjcb2pTtmhm10Ut48zU/s200/1939+Annual+Rept+Cover001.jpg" width="132" /></a>State Forest Camps: 1</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Soil Conservation Camps: 16<o:p></o:p></div>
State Park Camps:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Military Reservation Camps: 2 </div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
The fiscal year 1939 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps</i>
(Notice the name change between the 1937 and 1939 reports; from “Emergency
Conservation Work” to “Civilian Conservation Corps?”) reported the distribution
of CCC camps in Kansas this way:</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
State Park Camps:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Soil Conservation Corps Camps:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13</div>
If you compare the numbers from the 1939 report
with the 1938 map that accompanies this article you’ll see that the total
number of SCS camps differs by only one camp between the two.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Obviously, given the numbers in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Reports</i> and given what we know
about the Dust Bowl and the desperate need for erosion control and soil
conservation efforts in America’s heartland, it’s little wonder that so many of
Kansas’s CCC camps were geared toward this sort of work but keep in mind that
in doing this work, the CCC boys also created some lasting and valuable
recreational spaces that Kansan’s enjoy even today.<br />
<o:p></o:p><br />
Another interesting bit of information for Kansas
that appeared in the 1939 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report</i>
was the address of the main selection agency for CCC enrollment in Kansas at
the time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you were a young lad in the
state of Kansas in 1939 and you aspired to enroll in the CCC, you would have
been well advised to contact the following:<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
State Department of social Welfare</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Frank E. Milligan, Chairman</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Mrs. Jean L. Benson, Supervisor CCC Selection</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
801 Harrison Street</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Topeka, Kansas<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
And speaking of Kansas CCC enrollment, the 1939 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report</i> notes that 3,016 junior
enrollees were selected in Kansas that year, along with 164 veterans.<br />
<br />
Specific work totals in the 1939 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report</i> show that the CCC
performed over 1,200,000 square yards of gully tree planting in Kansas that
fiscal year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally, the CCC dug
over 306,000 linear feet of diversion ditches, quarried over 36,000 tons of
limestone and they excavated 31,573 cubic yards of dirt to build channels,
canals and ditches.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpj19ZCX9G0qUmgbo5oBfusEb4cJYjY2MQjzCZmIS_CMQHWiG8lgJLQwzmQy4rWMgwtrYpAHtJZILrtUFHCaNw6RJNiXLGldEalypKj4OImBSC8JwDxtfrRct0kFaNTLZyeS_lWH-PN4w/s1600/Kansas+Detail001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpj19ZCX9G0qUmgbo5oBfusEb4cJYjY2MQjzCZmIS_CMQHWiG8lgJLQwzmQy4rWMgwtrYpAHtJZILrtUFHCaNw6RJNiXLGldEalypKj4OImBSC8JwDxtfrRct0kFaNTLZyeS_lWH-PN4w/s400/Kansas+Detail001.jpg" width="201" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
Life in the 1930s was a precarious thing and we’re
well aware that some CCC enrollees didn’t survive their time in the Triple
C’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The February 9, 1925 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i> reported on the death of
enrollees Mervin Chapman and Kenneth Moore from Company 729, Ashland,
Kansas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chapman and Moore were killed in
a private plane crash.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edward Cantrell from
Company 1711 at West Mineral, Kansas, was killed as a result of falling into a
mine shaft according to the August 8, 1936 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Local
Experienced Man (LEM) by the name of Donald Stutes was killed when a grindstone
fragment hit him in the face.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stutes was
assigned to Company 4702 at Burlington, Kansas, according to the March 27, 1937
issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is important to consider these losses,
even as we marvel at the wonderful work accomplished by the CCC in Kansas and
all across our United States.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Be sure to visit </span><a href="http://kansas-ccc.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">The
Civilian Conservation Corps in Kansas</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><u><span style="color: blue;"> </span></u></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for additional information on the work and
legacy of the CCC in Kansas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You’ll also
see some terrific photos of Kansas CCC work there. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Davis, Ren & Helen, (2011), Our Mark on This Land: A
Guide to the Legacy of the Civilian Conservation Corps in America’s Parks, The
McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Egan, Timothy, (2006), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Worst Hard Time</i>, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Merrill, Perry H, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s
Forest Army</i>, 1981, Perry H. Merrill, Publisher.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">U.S. Government Printing Office<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1937</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">U.S. Government Printing Office, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1939</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Copyright, 2013, Michael I. Smith<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-85334358897285331962013-05-30T20:29:00.000-07:002013-05-30T20:29:39.215-07:00State by State: Iowa
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_yUTWcyY1NtwMlXXbrGwM9WSQk7hcPot8Z-EbTQuhkxbvPkDZaPozOoOgbkvG6i5_andYGmkGDtphwXy1U9BlKkDJabNkeHvG4kBrYm12ojOMOvZZrkf_dvFIx_1ZbgEoq0stkvmoFJE/s1600/Iowa+Camp+Map+1938.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_yUTWcyY1NtwMlXXbrGwM9WSQk7hcPot8Z-EbTQuhkxbvPkDZaPozOoOgbkvG6i5_andYGmkGDtphwXy1U9BlKkDJabNkeHvG4kBrYm12ojOMOvZZrkf_dvFIx_1ZbgEoq0stkvmoFJE/s320/Iowa+Camp+Map+1938.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
One reason that historians give for the success of the CCC
is that many agencies had wish lists of project work they needed to accomplish
already written up when the CCC was created.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These wish lists often grew out of the years of neglect that was manifest
in our nation’s state and national forests and parks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These were truly shovel ready projects that
local officials already had in mind when the CCC was created in 1933.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Iowa is an example of a state that benefited tremendously
not simply from the work of the CCC, but because Iowa had a set of plans and
goals already in place or nearly in place in early 1933.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Iowa was well positioned to utilize the
resources of the CCC immediately and as Rebecca Conrad points out in “The
Legacy of Hope from an Era of Despair: The CCC and Iowa State Parks”, President
Roosevelt was so impressed with Iowa’s long range plan, he instructed CCC
Director Robert Fechner to “Give Iowa all it wants.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s Forest
Army</i>, Perry Merrill notes that the average number of camps to operate in
Iowa was 29 with an average distribution in fiscal year 1937 as follows: State
Forest Camps: 1, Biological Survey Camps: 1, Soil Conservation Service Camps:
20, Agricultural Engineering Camps: 5 and State Park Camps: 8.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Merrill goes on to note that the aggregate number of Iowa
men who gained employment as a result of the CCC was 45,846, which included
41,190 junior and veteran enrollees, 60 Native American enrollees and 4,596
non-enrolled camp staff such as foremen and military officers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Backbone State Park, Bixby State Park, Echo Valley State
Park and White Pine Hollow State Park are among the state parks to gain from
CCC work in Iowa (Merrill, p. 129).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ren
and Helen Davis list still further state parks with a CCC connection in their
recent book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Mark on This Land:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Guide to the Legacy of the Civilian
Conservation Corps in America’s Parks</i>; among them:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Black Hawk State Park, Lake Wapello State
Park, Ledges State Park and Palisades-Kepler State Park.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among the specific improvements noted by the
Davis’s:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>park roads, picnic areas,
shelters, cabins, observation towers, entry portals and utility structures.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX6yEy8ZyJY1dm0vCtYeVnFuANN7TUGc7cEo-vX9w7aXacVQf4596eEtveZmm079YAhDWpxLYuqDDrgUYZguCnYz_0msFRo2-2qhHBghZnNmIL3j9Kj4L6Jzdd3rXdVzMXjxYiwa5Vk5U/s1600/Iowa+Work+100+Series+FY1939.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX6yEy8ZyJY1dm0vCtYeVnFuANN7TUGc7cEo-vX9w7aXacVQf4596eEtveZmm079YAhDWpxLYuqDDrgUYZguCnYz_0msFRo2-2qhHBghZnNmIL3j9Kj4L6Jzdd3rXdVzMXjxYiwa5Vk5U/s200/Iowa+Work+100+Series+FY1939.jpg" width="200" /></a>The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Reports</i>
offer another glimpse of CCC work carried out in the state of Iowa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, the fiscal year 1937 report notes
that the CCC built 3 foot bridges and 3 vehicle bridges in Iowa and if those
figures seem a bit on the low side, consider that in Iowa, CCC enrollees also
dug some 101,622 linear feet of diversion ditches that year, and CCC enrollees
moved and planted 250,191 trees and shrubs and they performed insect pest
control on some 18,000 acres of land in Iowa alone!<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1939 Annual Report</i>
records 4 foot and horse bridges and 5 vehicle bridges built by the CCC along
with 61,877 linear feet of diversion ditches and 144,001 trees and shrubs moved
and planted and insect pest control<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>conducted on 4,934 acres during the same reporting period.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>, the
official newspaper of the CCC reported the deaths of at least 6 enrollees in
Iowa camps between 1933 and 1940.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Company 1757 at Bedford, Iowa suffered the loss of two enrollees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The January 9, 1937 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i> documented the death of
enrollee George Griffith, who was killed in a truck crash.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost 3 years later, enrollee Frank Coates,
also with Company 1757 at Bedford, was killed in an automobile accident while
absent from the camp without authorization, according to the October 13, 1939
issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy Days</i>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<strong>Sources<o:p></o:p></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Conrad, Rebecca, The Legacy of Hope from an era of
Despair:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The CCC and Iowa State Parks,
from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Books at Iowa 64</i>, April 1996,
The University of Iowa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Available online
here: <a href="http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/bai/conard.htm"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/bai/conard.htm</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Davis, Ren & Helen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our
Mark on This Land:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Guide to the Legacy
of the Civilian Conservation Corps in America’s Parks</i>, 2011, The McDonald
& Woodward Publishing Company.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Merrill, Perry H, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s
Forest Army</i>, 1981, Perry H. Merrill, Publisher.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
U.S. Government Printing Office<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1937</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>U.S. Government Printing Office, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1939</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Copyright, 2013, Michael I. Smith<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-49156996714060459442013-05-13T07:58:00.000-07:002013-05-13T07:58:17.688-07:00The C.C.C. State-by-State: Indiana<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Indiana, which was situated in the 5<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> Corps
area, saw an estimated $13,686,184 in allotments to dependents as a result of
CCC work according to Merrill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Furthermore, nearly 64,000 Indiana men were given employment in
connection to the CCC, including junior enrollees, veterans and camp personnel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Indiana state map illustration here shows
the location of CCC camps in the state in 1938.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">William “Otis” Hickman recalled working in a CCC camp at
McCormick’s Creek State Park, southwest of Indianapolis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The park and its camp were located near the
town of Spencer, Indiana and Hickman wrote of walking into town for ice cream
and a movie during the year he spent as a CCC enrollee there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McCormick’s Creek State Park is listed in Ren
and Helen Davis’s book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Mark on This
Land</i> (2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Camp SP-4, Company 589
worked in the park, building a gate house, picnic shelters, roads and a stone
bridge among other improvements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Davis’s report that the CCC recreation hall was later converted to a nature
center by the WPA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe2o3ziW9-eJnoyCXjj6vCdZIDGyhXqzMTx8F75I2vpA-InQ7mKSSlFcFrprnLHkL7ogYz6COZPVbPanqmq19KuORE2iXGq_znwKhK5i85G4Kiepn5gnT8W4a4NWo7aBmMva5Ewjf72Zg/s1600/Indiana+Spillway+Pic001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe2o3ziW9-eJnoyCXjj6vCdZIDGyhXqzMTx8F75I2vpA-InQ7mKSSlFcFrprnLHkL7ogYz6COZPVbPanqmq19KuORE2iXGq_znwKhK5i85G4Kiepn5gnT8W4a4NWo7aBmMva5Ewjf72Zg/s400/Indiana+Spillway+Pic001.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The January-February 1934 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Military Engineer</i> magazine included an article by Captain
Denzil Doggett entitled “Engineering in Indiana’s CCC Camps”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the time, Denzil reported there were 18
CCC camps in the state, engaged in a range of activities including
gully-control work on private property, forest improvement and construction
projects in state forests and game preserves as well as similar work in state
parks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With respect to the gully-control
work done by the CCC in Indiana, Denzil noted that each such camp had two or
more foremen, whose duties included designing dams and spillways for erosion
control, establishing boundary control to insure that work did not stray into
unauthorized lands, and calculating drainage areas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the Nancy Hanks Lincoln Memorial, Denzil
described the construction of an earthen dam and concrete spillway that would
impound water in a 28 acre area, with the impounded water being used “to irrigate
an extensive landscaped area which forms a part of the court of the memorial
building which is to be constructed in future years.”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1937, 5,521 enrollees
worked in Indiana, while the 1939 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual
Report of the Director of the CCC</i> reported that a total of 7,411 enrollees
worked in Indiana during the fiscal year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The breakdown of camp types in 1937 and 1939 was as follows, according
to these Annual Reports:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<strong><u>1937:</u></strong> <o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJrGRjE02DTa0IEpqQUX-305gPZ2KqzPNeA4DWeSqgYkQILRECVnBN0EUDWSh2CWAlLH2XWz405RWvt1K02nuwt7aZcnEowXVg_2S0SUmgN6UgaQRoB6ufqPMT_bTtEYsCZQNs9GqRePo/s1600/Indiana+Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJrGRjE02DTa0IEpqQUX-305gPZ2KqzPNeA4DWeSqgYkQILRECVnBN0EUDWSh2CWAlLH2XWz405RWvt1K02nuwt7aZcnEowXVg_2S0SUmgN6UgaQRoB6ufqPMT_bTtEYsCZQNs9GqRePo/s400/Indiana+Map.JPG" width="237" /></a>National Forest Camps, 3<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
State Forest Camps, 12<o:p></o:p></div>
Agricultural Engineering Camps, 8<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Soil Conservation Camps, 10<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
State Park Camps, 7<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Military Reservation Camps, 1<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<strong><u>1939:<o:p></o:p></u></strong><br />
<br />
State Park Camps, 7<br />
<br />
National Forest Camps, 2<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
State Forest Camps, 5<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Agricultural Engineering Camps, 6<o:p></o:p></div>
Soil Conservation Service Camps, 8<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
Examples of work totals from the 1939 Annual
Report include 2,541 man-days spent fighting forest fires, 44 miles of erosion
control terracing installed, over 23,000 linear feet of diversion ditches dug
and over 142,000 trees and shrubs moved and planted.<o:p></o:p></div>
There are countless stories of how the CCC
experience gave a new perspective to some enrollees, who came away from their
time in the camps with an increased appreciation for nature and the world
around them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One such enrollee was
Charles W. Massie who worked in Company 513, Henryville, Indiana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Massie’s essay entitled God in the Forest was
reprinted in Leslie Alexander Lacy’s book The Soil Soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Massie wrote, in part:<br />
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“Not long ago I sat by myself in a great grove of
trees, sat and wondered how man with his puny strength could rule over such a
vast domain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How strange would be the
tales these tall trees would tell, if they could talk!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Countless untold legends, the rise and fall
of civilizations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The steady march of
progress and the eternal struggle for existence and the right to live and grow.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDgcSLfrGF76KCPfGLj6wu7GjuoEL0BfolP2wy_D3t3omV4Ehlza_o5jvaKMVkEX05cjuA7r-4ROnAsrHS_WIo9RGPJVNp2xK63B5FWweBGWxHFA0N-VQwdGcxWMBRvPLtr2Spv17CiUg/s1600/Indiana+fatality002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDgcSLfrGF76KCPfGLj6wu7GjuoEL0BfolP2wy_D3t3omV4Ehlza_o5jvaKMVkEX05cjuA7r-4ROnAsrHS_WIo9RGPJVNp2xK63B5FWweBGWxHFA0N-VQwdGcxWMBRvPLtr2Spv17CiUg/s200/Indiana+fatality002.jpg" width="123" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No state was immune to the threat of accidents and
fatalities related to CCC work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One
especially shocking fatality in Indiana involved the deaths of enrollees Edwin
Mannix and Edgar Bigley who died early on the morning of November 3, 1937 when
their truck slammed into the side of a freight train near Wallen, Indiana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those portions of the testimony that I have
obtained from the National Archives and Records Administration are sketchy with
respect to the exact time of the crash and the cause of the tragedy, but given
the time at which it occurred, one is led to conclude that fatigue and darkness
may have played a role.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sources:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Davis, Ren & Helen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our
Mark on This Land</i>, 2011, The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Doggett, Denzil, "Engineering in Indiana's CCC Camps," <em>The Military Engineer</em>, Jan-Feb 1934. </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lacy, Leslie Alexander, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Soil Soldiers</i>, 1976, Chilton Book Company.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Merrill, Perry H., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roosevelt’s
Forest Army</i>, 1981, Perry Merrill, Publisher.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">National Archives & Records Administration, Wash., D.C.,
Records of the CCC, Div. of Safety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">U.S. Government Printing Office<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1937</i>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">U.S. Government Printing Office, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1939</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong>Copyright, 2013, Michael I. Smith</strong></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-69454767330312178352013-02-10T16:54:00.000-08:002013-02-10T17:32:44.123-08:00Just Weeks Before Pearl Harbor: The Unheralded Dead<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp3aYQLNyqdo6xttVsaTPijBAbX2SpUcAWig84dClpw2FpLMdFLPJSLuZlCf0k7deMx1wPvrpA7VWIssS9ylySfSMC1ziWvbFVbJDoaUWWaEJ7E9dBpZpC-wFN6GWp4m8t5kt6GNcFXaI/s1600/Chevy+Wreck+Cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp3aYQLNyqdo6xttVsaTPijBAbX2SpUcAWig84dClpw2FpLMdFLPJSLuZlCf0k7deMx1wPvrpA7VWIssS9ylySfSMC1ziWvbFVbJDoaUWWaEJ7E9dBpZpC-wFN6GWp4m8t5kt6GNcFXaI/s400/Chevy+Wreck+Cropped.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If, looking at the image of this beaten and battered
Chevrolet, you say to yourself, “nobody could have survived that accident,” you
would be right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This crumpled wreck is
all that remained of Chevrolet coach number U.S. C.C.C. 76-670 after if veered
off the road and rolled four times near the tiny town of Imlay, Nevada in the
fall of 1941.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Killed in the accident
were CCC enrollees Dale E. Rankin and Philip Phillips.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rankin had been dispatched from Reno, Nevada
to pick up Enrollee Philip Phillips in or near Winnemucca, but having made the
initial leg of the journey safely, Rankin would not return safely to Reno; nor
would enrollee Phillips.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbHZw_ynal0THp2_LqbPn0K-5cg8x-yGnY2xosoPedRsVUfQ-BDOZeEbLP_U0J2vWd9_4SsAavk9qp1ZC1GeK0BRAe90tjdxqmcZ0EvkhZKxMLN6FnNC-_HQ_nspb92-UduKZ7GvHOeuM/s1600/Winnemucca+NV001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbHZw_ynal0THp2_LqbPn0K-5cg8x-yGnY2xosoPedRsVUfQ-BDOZeEbLP_U0J2vWd9_4SsAavk9qp1ZC1GeK0BRAe90tjdxqmcZ0EvkhZKxMLN6FnNC-_HQ_nspb92-UduKZ7GvHOeuM/s200/Winnemucca+NV001.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The official investigation reveals a number of factors
played into the tragedy, not the least of which was the fact that the vehicle
assigned for the task was an ungoverned Chevrolet coach, bearing U.S C.C.C.
number 76-670.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Ungoverned” means that
the accelerator on the Chevy was not equipped with the usual limiter device
that would prevent its being operated above a set speed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Governors were used to rein in the youthful
CCC enrollee operators; keeping them below an established speed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Chevy coach assigned to enrollee Rankin
was not equipped with a governor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Enrollee Rankin was evidently sent on his mission with an admonition
regarding the ungoverned condition of the Chevy and Rankin reportedly assured
his supervisor that he “would use every precaution, and that he was thoroughly
capable of handling the job, and that he had a driver’s license…”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4QWWJqXqpNipZUenux9QLBqR4JB9wMR6HRd3XaKHg8_J2xZRi4Gbdj7Vb-2DaNe6-gUPo4HDhMyjO3gYd3DMj3o_VxTO25NG5O0pE3hVEvyNsxKQsCxIBpstNetp9PdInUQqY48QK_8o/s1600/Accident+scene+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4QWWJqXqpNipZUenux9QLBqR4JB9wMR6HRd3XaKHg8_J2xZRi4Gbdj7Vb-2DaNe6-gUPo4HDhMyjO3gYd3DMj3o_VxTO25NG5O0pE3hVEvyNsxKQsCxIBpstNetp9PdInUQqY48QK_8o/s200/Accident+scene+cropped.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">No one will ever know for certain what made the Chevrolet in
which Rankin and Phillips were riding wander onto the right hand shoulder of
the road as it travelled westbound just short of a mile outside Imlay,
Nevada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The investigating officials
speculated that a gust of wind might have pushed the car suddenly to the right,
or that an oncoming vehicle may have crossed into the lane in front of
them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In any event, the car in which
Rankin and Phillips were riding veered off the right shoulder of the road,
travelling 641 feet before veering back across the pavement, running a distance
of 224 feet before veering off the left shoulder of the highway.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The investigating officials noted that the
vehicle did not appear to be in a severe skid at this point and that the tracks
on the south side of the highway indicated the driver was trying to pull the
car back onto the blacktop when the car jumped some 40 feet, landing on all
four wheels before bounding into a series of as many as four rolls before
landing upright, facing roughly due north and back toward the direction of
Winnemucca.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQmH0rmwEAZXFSE86qicy-q3QSDhCrJoXRfu3T8KrLAAWkORL6WZ8FLiqId8NDnB8wU-ar9x6YfcavOh0gZ_FCPjjklbv8q8u5JW_Hj4NTmDVb80wNHiC1vDHTW-ksPw7DI6-xMFAdJ3c/s1600/Chevy+Wreck+quarter+view+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQmH0rmwEAZXFSE86qicy-q3QSDhCrJoXRfu3T8KrLAAWkORL6WZ8FLiqId8NDnB8wU-ar9x6YfcavOh0gZ_FCPjjklbv8q8u5JW_Hj4NTmDVb80wNHiC1vDHTW-ksPw7DI6-xMFAdJ3c/s400/Chevy+Wreck+quarter+view+cropped.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4QWWJqXqpNipZUenux9QLBqR4JB9wMR6HRd3XaKHg8_J2xZRi4Gbdj7Vb-2DaNe6-gUPo4HDhMyjO3gYd3DMj3o_VxTO25NG5O0pE3hVEvyNsxKQsCxIBpstNetp9PdInUQqY48QK_8o/s1600/Accident+scene+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVEBlrYOZtLN14QkbXrDwWhcOIbyBHYa-FetJ2OQU7OzsUG1JAlytNRDkef4ozzqWJWikppPVEhM51MWB-2Gjv9ie_5jMH0JemNg9riLsMJLp3p25lsMZxrLY7dpyZHt5HSqTEbTkG39M/s1600/Springerville+Tent+Camp.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Enrollees Rankin and Phillips were thrown clear of the
rolling Chevrolet, and based upon the position of their bodies, based on their
injuries and damage to the interior of the Chevy and based on the location of
Rankin’s glasses found at the scene, investigators determined that Rankin was
very likely not at the wheel at the time of the accident.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It seems then, that Enrollee Rankin turned ungoverned
Chevrolet coach U.S. C.C.C. number 76-670 over to Enrollee Phillips for the
drive back to Reno.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The record does not
indicate whether Enrollee Phillips had a valid driver’s license and we will
never know if Rankin advised Phillips that the Chevy in which they were driving
was ungoverned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Likewise, we will never
know why the driver change took place or even if it took place at all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps Rankin was tired from having driven
from Reno to Winnemucca.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps
Phillips simply talked Rankin into turning over the keys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What we do know is that Enrollee’s Phillips
and Rankin would never arrive back at Reno, Nevada and they would never see
their dependent families back home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
also know that the lack of a governor may have played a role in the tragedy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The accident investigation found that on the
Reno to Winnemucca leg of the trip, Enrollee Rankin is estimated to have
averaged roughly 30 miles per hour, while on the final two hours of the tragic
return trip, the vehicle averaged 52 miles per hour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, we also know that three months after
Phillips and Rankin died on a lonely stretch of road near Imlay, Nevada, the
United States was at war with Japan and Germany and suddenly the whys and
wherefores behind the deaths of two CCC enrollees in Nevada didn’t seem to
matter much in the larger scheme of things. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9S5LS14NKSh2TVxtan-Pj-fr4ZQQRH15PnET9NQNmrOEvgF_2jt-L6f7XUAm60uEWLl0-CeCqzLfOvbHVm0I_rDBBpbveGl6CHzxlM7bVPP199lAVjdgECMeI3AmFkeTJ5PZ0pX79pzA/s1600/Phillips+and+Rankin+Accident+Telegram+Sep+15+1941001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9S5LS14NKSh2TVxtan-Pj-fr4ZQQRH15PnET9NQNmrOEvgF_2jt-L6f7XUAm60uEWLl0-CeCqzLfOvbHVm0I_rDBBpbveGl6CHzxlM7bVPP199lAVjdgECMeI3AmFkeTJ5PZ0pX79pzA/s200/Phillips+and+Rankin+Accident+Telegram+Sep+15+1941001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong>References</strong></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Record Group 049, Box 117, National Archives and Records
Administration (NARA), Denver Colorado.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">©Michael I. Smith, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-75619178164836933652012-12-24T06:59:00.000-08:002012-12-24T07:03:09.987-08:00Christmas As Reported in the Camp Papers<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2CDIAEwJxr35f6kVGE0QEQIdJgfZjGwHEiVzci3gicVP6tAVZjDOugHa1iyAlV5ldqyjRWb-MXIDXwFsEeGHt2iySVq_NURx_AKCClrVEnqZlNBXb67D0ytx91yAzdORDFByMNdQq8E/s1600/Use+Co+822+Christmas+COVER+December+1938.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2CDIAEwJxr35f6kVGE0QEQIdJgfZjGwHEiVzci3gicVP6tAVZjDOugHa1iyAlV5ldqyjRWb-MXIDXwFsEeGHt2iySVq_NURx_AKCClrVEnqZlNBXb67D0ytx91yAzdORDFByMNdQq8E/s320/Use+Co+822+Christmas+COVER+December+1938.JPG" width="243" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Each year as Christmas rolls closer, it is difficult not to
give some thought to what life must have been like in the CCC camps during the
holidays.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Much of what we know about
life in the camps during the holidays comes from reports in the individual camp
newspapers.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">For the enrollees of Company 2704 at Camp SCS-4-M in
Chatfield, Minnesota, December 1937 must have been a bittersweet time
indeed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though Christmas and New Year
were looming large on the calendar, so too was the prospect of having to
disband the company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, while it was
printed in hues of green and red, the cover of the Company 2704 camp newspaper
for December 1937 didn’t depict an image of Santa Claus or reindeer, but rather
a comical image of enrollees loading up their footlockers and barracks bags
under the title “Final Edition.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVQUxy4aXJjql9yJOcSU8u3-trBC1O3dg7mnETCyq0Pmame10C_CN3YaSEd3oI76RRQDuQxyZ6f4l7a5gho0-Qe8t2V0gm54j7EVHbeHWpJVPqFt04bN2wFvktZnLjQifLcsV0wg6B9YU/s1600/Use+Co+2704+Chatfield+MN+Dec+1937001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVQUxy4aXJjql9yJOcSU8u3-trBC1O3dg7mnETCyq0Pmame10C_CN3YaSEd3oI76RRQDuQxyZ6f4l7a5gho0-Qe8t2V0gm54j7EVHbeHWpJVPqFt04bN2wFvktZnLjQifLcsV0wg6B9YU/s200/Use+Co+2704+Chatfield+MN+Dec+1937001.JPG" width="149" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nevertheless, whether in honor of the Christmas season or to
mark the disbanding of the company, the paper announced that a dinner-smoker
event was scheduled and that there would be, “an extra special dinner in the
mess hall,” that would be “a second Thanksgiving feast.” <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Many enrollees – indeed as many as could afford to and who
had leave saved up – left camp to be with relatives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The December, 1937 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hualpai Echo</i> reported on the plans of some members of Company 1837
at camp SP-8-A near Kingman, Arizona:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ukdJX0dpe8mLv3bwDiQJHjRL3h34DMdOCM40Qmhu_IQPqMqkF3EojCTUrM54dK6PPrX3nQyAo9iT102aKcVh8KpVYWwiSosHbeaZsR0KTv4sGp_yDbQYkx6evH9jqtTYgpp5BU-bu44/s1600/Use+Hualpai+Echo+CO+1837+Kingman+Christmas+cropped+COVER.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ukdJX0dpe8mLv3bwDiQJHjRL3h34DMdOCM40Qmhu_IQPqMqkF3EojCTUrM54dK6PPrX3nQyAo9iT102aKcVh8KpVYWwiSosHbeaZsR0KTv4sGp_yDbQYkx6evH9jqtTYgpp5BU-bu44/s200/Use+Hualpai+Echo+CO+1837+Kingman+Christmas+cropped+COVER.jpg" width="148" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 31.5pt 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Joe Snow, Lloyd Perry and George Edwards left the 16<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup>
for a holiday trip to Los Angeles and other points of interest along the
Pacific seaboard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They will return to
spend New Year’s Day in camp.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 31.5pt 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Al Lancaster will spend his Yuletide vacation visiting his family in Tucson.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 31.5pt 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Manuel Franco, Luis Rios, Quintin Henderson and Joe
Lopez will leave the 24<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> for San Diego where they will spend the
holidays visiting relatives – so they say.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They also plan side trips to Tia Juana in Old Mexico and Los Angeles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The article went on to explain that those enrollees staying
in camp could look forward to something special too:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">A Christmas Tree with all the trimmings is planned for the
men staying in camp (for) Xmas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A unique
way of giving a present to everyone has been worked out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The climax to the Xmas celebration in camp is
the extra-special dinner which will satisfy the gastronic (sic) appetites of
all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">At the bottom of the page was included a final admonition:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Don’t forget a Christmas card to the folks
back home…”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Good advice in 1937, good
advice today.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEC7Bg7zHtvcSVXp3-sng_wRI5zr7R5G5MUXbYPj4wEqEpy30PTxFFkLh5t4JtnhrX8wzE76AbHY7hUNOzro5GOsXYO5QcWtjuQEPIIQdoEO0tKQs1IoyGBzVB2DGNSeph0cx277p5_sw/s1600/NH+Road+work+in+the+snow001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEC7Bg7zHtvcSVXp3-sng_wRI5zr7R5G5MUXbYPj4wEqEpy30PTxFFkLh5t4JtnhrX8wzE76AbHY7hUNOzro5GOsXYO5QcWtjuQEPIIQdoEO0tKQs1IoyGBzVB2DGNSeph0cx277p5_sw/s200/NH+Road+work+in+the+snow001.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Road project (in the snow). Company 1152, N. Stratford New Hampshire. First Corps Area.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Veterans in Company 1826V in the Nogales Sub-District in
Arizona reportedly celebrated a quiet and dignified Christmas in camp according
to an article in their Company paper:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Christmas at Camp F-30-A was very quietly but appropriately
observed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A large number of men were
absent from camp for the weekend but those who were present participated in
making Christmas of 1936 a very quiet but dignified occasion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Judging from the great number of packages and cards, Santa
Claus was unusually generous in his plans for the members of Company 1826.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Merry Christmas” was the password of the
company during the holiday season and a good time was had by all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">There seems little question that most camp commanders and
technical agency staff worked hard to keep morale high during the
holidays.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In her book <em>Gold Medal CCC
Company 1538</em>, Kathy Mays Smith recounts the very special Christmas party held for
the members of Company 1538 stationed at Camp Wyoming near Pineville, West
Virginia in 1935.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The gala event was
kept a secret from most of the enrollees right up until they filed into the
festively decorated camp recreation hall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The camp commander addressed the assembled men with greetings of the
season before reciting Dickens’ “A Christmas Carol.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An enrollee choir sang Christmas songs,
including “Silent Night,” and three men, directed by an Army lieutenant, acted
out a pantomime skit entitled “The Three Wise Men.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the high point of the evening came when, <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">“At last came the climax of the evening.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instructed to line up in order to sign the
payroll, as each one passed the table where the officers stood, he was handed,
not a pen and a book full of dotted lines, but a real honest-to-goodness watch,
the gift of the Administrative Personnel and Technical Service.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU3ZIW8_3DHTNOseyqFT5O2F0TxI0m0mu_vmeCiZsk2kZkvcsL8PaD_a2ha3HqLKkJvPdX4PzX2X0D1oSno5shxEgkrj1RiB4cNWG7tPAyYuhtDR7LK7Uh7xi0GOZ7ieQ0Jt9EHjzXdOY/s1600/CONN+Winter+Scene003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU3ZIW8_3DHTNOseyqFT5O2F0TxI0m0mu_vmeCiZsk2kZkvcsL8PaD_a2ha3HqLKkJvPdX4PzX2X0D1oSno5shxEgkrj1RiB4cNWG7tPAyYuhtDR7LK7Uh7xi0GOZ7ieQ0Jt9EHjzXdOY/s200/CONN+Winter+Scene003.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Today it may be difficult to conceive of a time when so many
had nothing or nearly nothing; a time when fresh fruit in a Christmas stocking
was considered a luxury for some.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Homemade paper decorations and handwritten greetings have given way to
brightly colored, electrical powered, mass produced displays made
overseas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, if we concentrate for
a moment and let our mind’s eye open to a vision of the past, we may still
catch a glimpse of young men, far from home and family, gathered in a brightly
lit mess hall or recreation building in a CCC camp nestled in a western forest,
or perched on a ridgeline in an eastern state somewhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To be sure, there was sadness – there always
is a bit of that; sadness at being away from loved ones perhaps, but the record
shows that in the CCC camps there usually was some reason to be thankful and to
smile even if that reason now seems so very simple by today’s over inflated
standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merry Christmas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-zFqpyp9HWjxrsH0LS4UEyLCE6wJkKn_cMS7vo2NBQ47n-QDrpW73wvWH8MVM73p7QhLehiDwgLM-zie_EUTof9z-mAIx3K7m7TPSuiHCmxrj4glOgub6AQs1eJq5AxLzVtd2UDiN3lM/s1600/CONN+timber+crew+work+in+the+snow002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-zFqpyp9HWjxrsH0LS4UEyLCE6wJkKn_cMS7vo2NBQ47n-QDrpW73wvWH8MVM73p7QhLehiDwgLM-zie_EUTof9z-mAIx3K7m7TPSuiHCmxrj4glOgub6AQs1eJq5AxLzVtd2UDiN3lM/s400/CONN+timber+crew+work+in+the+snow002.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Timber crew on snow shoes. Company 182, West Cornwall, Conn. First Corps Area.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-46879265723814230862012-09-19T19:05:00.003-07:002012-09-19T19:06:13.044-07:00Truck Drivers in the CCC: There Was a Lot Riding on their Work<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZhJBDseveHP8wJ1Iqfk9zle-C821iBdLG53HU1GWbzX5PALjXTxfgFFoymgPZCXImzQ6GPwGHILuchpazgcScwkwztpcQ1vIH19PQTMq3V3mozPyamUViVxJtTgYWtP9TLeMEqXybaVs/s1600/Driver+Patch+Banner+Style.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZhJBDseveHP8wJ1Iqfk9zle-C821iBdLG53HU1GWbzX5PALjXTxfgFFoymgPZCXImzQ6GPwGHILuchpazgcScwkwztpcQ1vIH19PQTMq3V3mozPyamUViVxJtTgYWtP9TLeMEqXybaVs/s400/Driver+Patch+Banner+Style.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Statistically, the</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span> most dangerous daily activity facing
CCC enrollees was injury or death caused by vehicular accidents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trucks transported enrollees to and from the
work sites.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trucks often brought lunches
and extra supplies to the work site during the day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trucks carried enrollees into town on the
weekend to take in a movie or to attend dances and trucks transported the
enrollees back to camp when the fun was over.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Trucks transported company equipment between camps and trucks moved
enrollees from summer camps to winter camps when the weather got cold, often
moving them back the other direction in the spring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No matter what the type of work being
undertaken in the camp – forestry work, erosion control, construction of park
improvements, or installation of irrigation systems – drivers were always the
backbone of the effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYQAp65NvLdBH2v4rB1JWCVtyRLudxXhWQdFSjpyGl8M5s9LOlG3SHfna4W0pCFQgMOI4SoNtu3PbP9RgiXftbpH-WUnIGxvQoZvfc3kBYR1auSVVPQQFmHEoIu24AZmoaPsBE4gEmsk8/s1600/CCC+Enrollee+John+H.+Broadbent+circa+1936+%2301+(3).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYQAp65NvLdBH2v4rB1JWCVtyRLudxXhWQdFSjpyGl8M5s9LOlG3SHfna4W0pCFQgMOI4SoNtu3PbP9RgiXftbpH-WUnIGxvQoZvfc3kBYR1auSVVPQQFmHEoIu24AZmoaPsBE4gEmsk8/s320/CCC+Enrollee+John+H.+Broadbent+circa+1936+%2301+(3).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An enrollee stands next to his battered truck.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">To be sure, in the first formative months of the program,
the CCC lacked a robust safety program, and by October 1933 it became clear the
organization had a safety problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Director
Robert Fechner expressed dismay over the number of fatalities due to accidents
in the CCC, but despite his admonitions, the record did not improve and talk
turned to the creation of a formal safety program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, in April 1934, with the strong
support of the War Department and the technical services like the Forest
Service and the National Park Service, a formal safety program was adopted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under the program, CCC Safety Division
representatives visited each camp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>William Rutherford, a US Forest Service foreman working in a camp on
Colorado’s western slope, wrote home and mentioned that an inspector had
recently visited camp and was upset that enrollees were jumping out of the
backs of trucks before they’d come to a complete stop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At some point, Rutherford found himself
tasked with the job of managing the camp’s truck fleet, insuring the drivers
were properly trained and maintaining their vehicles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Safety committees were also established in
each camp and by the middle of 1936 the death rate for CCC enrollees had been
reduced to a point that was lower than that in the Regular army and lower for
young men in the same age group in the overall population of the United States.</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg75tSBAcKTz9yDUBDOu70hsv6U42Xd0-uH9mlLJ7XfhwpA65NKkl-H3cSa_jlC1fgbE8rt969GpPcIv12tF1cu360OnhE2z-IdhqhrZ49CxRY5BMP59zLna83L-eCoDvg810oVLEjUYBk/s1600/Vale+Grease+Rack+reduced.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg75tSBAcKTz9yDUBDOu70hsv6U42Xd0-uH9mlLJ7XfhwpA65NKkl-H3cSa_jlC1fgbE8rt969GpPcIv12tF1cu360OnhE2z-IdhqhrZ49CxRY5BMP59zLna83L-eCoDvg810oVLEjUYBk/s200/Vale+Grease+Rack+reduced.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grease rack, CCC camp Vale, Oregon, circa. 1940</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Truck drivers were required to maintain their equipment and
expected to operate it in a safe manner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, in the camp at Vale, Oregon, Saturday’s were given over as
time for drivers to service and maintain their trucks, which they did, using a
large grease rack, built especially for the task.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A driver’s safety record and driving ability
were documented and often referenced as part of their discharge paperwork; in
part as a means of showing prospective employers that a particular young man
had proven himself behind the wheel in the CCC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUDsMt2QF2uuTpQxvPpRsZnTsjI7xE7AD3ygpDu0_CYJszfr9XvTbTECiMeXF8Ab9N96HitD1EjUHLJEKTxCaoj4V2tLBPOGzpHeAZVkXzBxbmLUZFESIv0BHc9RPmxQ-JpHHnM1MV89Y/s1600/Merle+Timblin+Nogales+CCC034.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUDsMt2QF2uuTpQxvPpRsZnTsjI7xE7AD3ygpDu0_CYJszfr9XvTbTECiMeXF8Ab9N96HitD1EjUHLJEKTxCaoj4V2tLBPOGzpHeAZVkXzBxbmLUZFESIv0BHc9RPmxQ-JpHHnM1MV89Y/s320/Merle+Timblin+Nogales+CCC034.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Merle Timblin (holding canteen) stands by his truck while a CCC work crew loads up.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Merle Timblin recalled his work driving a truck when his CCC
company moved from Williams, Arizona to Nogales, Arizona.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The trucks carrying the camp equipment and
supplies made the trip in two days, stopping in Phoenix overnight before continuing
their journey to southern Arizona the next day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Today, thanks to the interstate highway system, the trip can be
accomplished in under a day, with time to spare for rest stops and sightseeing.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnhwBqMG8CxIbhWQ7saku_ZVrBSiPwkEB8qMTeMRguKi9YFj-O26JeBty5S-4h8zdUh38iI40HwqDpzECn3dwewVlDE1CqLFeOE3X3VAy0i9rpupyroDxEzH_JUA7ETDpsxqIg6Un_Dmc/s1600/Merles+Driver+code.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnhwBqMG8CxIbhWQ7saku_ZVrBSiPwkEB8qMTeMRguKi9YFj-O26JeBty5S-4h8zdUh38iI40HwqDpzECn3dwewVlDE1CqLFeOE3X3VAy0i9rpupyroDxEzH_JUA7ETDpsxqIg6Un_Dmc/s200/Merles+Driver+code.JPG" width="108" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">A truck driver’s code, issued to some drivers, including Merle Timblin, included the
commitment to drive safely at all times and to strive diligently for a camp
record of no lost time accidents.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">To be sure, even with a strong safety program in the camps,
accidents still happened and occasionally they were the result of misconduct on
the part of one or more enrollees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
these cases, the camp commander would convene a review board to determine the
cause of the accident and, if necessary, levy appropriate sanctions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadly, in the case of fatal accidents, the
board would rule on whether the enrollee in question was at fault and whether
the accident occurred in the performance of his regular duties.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9FqP4S41M8q3-AdN0sl3KV_5WrSfZlDykj1XtkCV3M6cB7sbnNyupoOQt9gapnMY4wYGr1LGeFQUQS7ItCCGvWw-PAOdlJzCnjL95Q8-ZVufzS4XmrWvs8aP2Dj-aQrgugz67kNlmqRE/s1600/May+4,+1935+Spokane+Chronicle+Fatal+Wreck.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9FqP4S41M8q3-AdN0sl3KV_5WrSfZlDykj1XtkCV3M6cB7sbnNyupoOQt9gapnMY4wYGr1LGeFQUQS7ItCCGvWw-PAOdlJzCnjL95Q8-ZVufzS4XmrWvs8aP2Dj-aQrgugz67kNlmqRE/s400/May+4,+1935+Spokane+Chronicle+Fatal+Wreck.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A newspaper reports the sad details of a fatal truck accident near Wallace, Idaho.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Death of Enrollee
Rocco Martello, Yellowstone National Park, 1939</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">On October 3, 1939 a board of officers headed by Captain
Harley Jones, issued findings in the matter of the death of enrollee Rocco R. Martello,
who was a member of Company 3204 at the Nez Perce Camp YNP-5 near West
Yellowstone, Montana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Martello was a
passenger riding in the back of a stake bed Ford truck returning to camp
following an authorized recreation trip to West Yellowstone late on the night
of August 12, 1939.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Approximately
sixteen miles into the journey and within the boundaries of Yellowstone
National Park, the driver was blinded by the lights of an oncoming vehicle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his effort to avoid a collision, the
driver pulled the truck to the far right shoulder of the road, hitting a large
rock, resulting in his loss of control of the truck, which careened over an embankment,
rolling over in the process, coming to rest against some trees approximately 30
feet from the highway.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enrollee Martello,
seated on a bench seat in the rear of the truck was thrown from the truck and
pinned to the ground by two trees that were uprooted by the rolling truck, the
truck eventually coming to rest atop the uprooted trees and atop enrollee
Martello.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Captain Jones and the review board noted that enrollee
Martello died almost instantaneously.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Additionally, the board ruled that the death occurred in the performance
of duty and was not the result of Martello’s misconduct and that neither
alcohol nor drugs were a direct or proximate cause of the fatality.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The board findings also include an affidavit from the driver
of the truck, explaining the tragic details of the crash, noting that there
were 23 enrollees in the rear of the truck and three, including the driver,
riding in the cab.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The driver goes on to
attest that he received no instruction regarding the fact that three men should
not ride in the cab of a CCC truck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perhaps more tragic still, the driver admits to having had “about four
beers” while in West Yellowstone that night, but goes on to claim that, “…there
was no time in which I was not in full possession of my faculties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was perfectly sober when I started do drive
the truck back to camp.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The documentation available does not record what action
might have been taken against the driver and it would be unfair to speculate
now, some 73 years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is enough
to note that at least two lives were changed forever that night in Yellowstone
National Park.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today the incident merely
serves to remind us of the burden carried by truck drivers in the CCC.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAetXRo41I1ETtteROGVpFS0N8aeVAxL5WFMOcf_CHGsy5VDmpxemO0lrDF2BXM47oGlepz8uY39az4wd5d9r_5wMXDeLhas0ANGxWifooI2zdXC_-B-un6F9p5574YRMmRAO5mmVbh9o/s1600/Motor+Pool+Vale+Oregon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAetXRo41I1ETtteROGVpFS0N8aeVAxL5WFMOcf_CHGsy5VDmpxemO0lrDF2BXM47oGlepz8uY39az4wd5d9r_5wMXDeLhas0ANGxWifooI2zdXC_-B-un6F9p5574YRMmRAO5mmVbh9o/s640/Motor+Pool+Vale+Oregon.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Motor pool, perhaps during vehicle inspection, CCC camp Vale, Oregon, 1940.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sources<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Proceedings of B/O</em>, Enrollee Rocco R. Martello Findings,
National Archives, Wash., DC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Salmond, John A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Civilian Conservation Corps,
1933-1942:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A New Deal Case Study</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Durham, NC:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Duke University Press, 1967.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-88114350196133860422012-04-15T19:45:00.000-07:002012-04-15T19:49:32.754-07:00CCC Records in the 1940 Census<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQaD_Evdm0_-eThCU6m5i2mpo-7EeED0Z1b_olmz-zJcOOR1eFO_LnsvyQsgV3EV0s9yNxi7bqMtVT8V-bZ-8jL4zqtZE8tc6Ar8INbHI2If9yHy9qfjsMFC2jPvGRz5Pst2c5EEuIajk/s1600/1940+Census+mosaic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQaD_Evdm0_-eThCU6m5i2mpo-7EeED0Z1b_olmz-zJcOOR1eFO_LnsvyQsgV3EV0s9yNxi7bqMtVT8V-bZ-8jL4zqtZE8tc6Ar8INbHI2If9yHy9qfjsMFC2jPvGRz5Pst2c5EEuIajk/s400/1940+Census+mosaic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If ever there was proof that CCC camps were really nothing
more than small towns set down in the forests, fields and parks of the United
States, it can be found in the just released United States census data for
1940. For a nice article about the release of the 1940 census data click </span><a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0402/1940-Census-data-what-you-need-to-know-to-look-up-relatives"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">HERE.</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Some 120,000 so-called “enumerators” literally went from one
residence to the next, seeking out and speaking with the occupants to document
their employment status, their salary, their gender and age, as well as
supplemental questions for one in twenty individuals surveyed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One would imagine that jobs as enumerators
were much sought after given that we were still struggling through more than a
decade of national economic depression.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjmmZQSRYTCHszZ230WSXgESaicM46p_D6VDLW0RzZ_3uVPTz3U68YLpCFX1XmMuRJoT19pUcYb6RsbKtDG06tUlx5imyU0Z1MsVy-2wu-Yb7e7EkxBUCe4Wy_mJZBlfo6EKvUYLGpYc0/s1600/Census+detail+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjmmZQSRYTCHszZ230WSXgESaicM46p_D6VDLW0RzZ_3uVPTz3U68YLpCFX1XmMuRJoT19pUcYb6RsbKtDG06tUlx5imyU0Z1MsVy-2wu-Yb7e7EkxBUCe4Wy_mJZBlfo6EKvUYLGpYc0/s200/Census+detail+2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Browsing through the scanned records, you’ll be pleased to
see that local CCC camps are listed in the record for many counties and
towns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Looking more closely, you might
be disappointed that many of the individual camp records are limited solely to
the camp staff, military officers and perhaps a handful of CCC enrollees who,
for whatever reason, were in the camp at the time the enumerator visited.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m at a loss to explain why the individual
camp records don’t reflect camp populations of closer to 150 and 200
individuals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, the headcount
for camp F-16-A in Gila County, Arizona list just 19 individuals, apparently
scattered between the main camp (12 individuals) and side camps at Parker Creek
(1 individual, a foreman), 72 Springs (5 individuals) and Superior (1
individual).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">One exception is the census roll for CCC Company 1860(V) at
Camp Mount Morrison, near Golden, Colorado.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some resolute individual typed in all the entries for all the enrollees
in this camp!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This sort of record will
be a boon for researchers in search of information about that company or an
individual member and who knows how many other CCC companies have this level of
detail in their individual census pages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">A closer look at the lists will reveal where an individual
was working in 1935 so in some cases, the camp census rolls will show that an
individual was residing in some other CCC camp in 1935.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, listed along the top of the sheet, in
column 22, is a reference to the WPA and the CCC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Check it out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I’ve been using the scanned images at Family Search, which you can
access </span><a href="https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1942-27892-12551-36?cc=2000219&wc=MM2Q-4D7:713062937#uri=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.familysearch.org%2Frecords%2Fcollection%2F2000219%2Fwaypoints"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">HERE.</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-81776595775089376052011-12-28T13:41:00.000-08:002011-12-28T13:41:44.053-08:00License and Registration, Please<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OJri1Bg8RfQ/TvuJizl-foI/AAAAAAAACug/SlsZX5ef324/s1600/Title+Image+for+License+Plate+Post.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" rea="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OJri1Bg8RfQ/TvuJizl-foI/AAAAAAAACug/SlsZX5ef324/s320/Title+Image+for+License+Plate+Post.jpg" width="162" /></a>It’s amazing how the loose ends of research can sometimes tie together nicely and, perhaps not such a surprise when the loose ends don’t tie together so well. Then, there are those times when the loose ends come tantalizingly close to tying together nicely, but not quite.</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
Some time ago I purchased a neat 8 by 10 inch black and white photo of a CCC foreman standing beside a pickup truck that bears a CCC license plate. The photo was taken at an unnamed CCC camp in Arizona – at least that’s the story. I made a half-hearted attempt to track down the camp but to little avail.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-58m6bhKI-aM/TvuJuLAqHgI/AAAAAAAACuw/IyJJ6-9dJlI/s1600/Mathew+Panaca+DG-46-A+truck+photo+from+James+Justin+MuseumCCC+Company+340+Mathew+Pacana+Div+of+Grazing+truck+photo+from+justinmuseum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" rea="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-58m6bhKI-aM/TvuJuLAqHgI/AAAAAAAACuw/IyJJ6-9dJlI/s200/Mathew+Panaca+DG-46-A+truck+photo+from+James+Justin+MuseumCCC+Company+340+Mathew+Pacana+Div+of+Grazing+truck+photo+from+justinmuseum.jpg" width="160" /></a>More recently, I happened to jump over to the <a href="http://www.justinmuseum.com/famjustin/ccchis.html">James F. Justin Civilian Conservation Corps Museum</a> and scrolled through the photo collection. While there I came upon a series of photos from Company 340, Camp DG-46-A near Kingman, Arizona. One in particular, of a civilian boss, <a href="http://www.justinmuseum.com/jfjmuseum/pacana16.html">"Cowboy"</a> on a horse, caught my eye because it shows the front end of a pick-up truck with a clear view of the CCC license plate. My heart jumped! The terrain is nearly exactly the same as the terrain in my photo of a CCC foreman beside the pickup truck. Could it be the same truck? I couldn’t check the facts right away, but got around to it the very first chance I got.</div>
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
<br /></div>
Close, really close; but no cigar.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
Turns out the license plate on the truck in the picture from the James Justin site is numbered “75549.” Clearly the little truck has seen better days- you can tell just from the condition of the front grill. The license plate sits askew and it appears that a piece of wire has been strung across the front to hold the grill in place. The license plate on the pick-up truck in my photo is “75569.” </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uZCP2p7j4pw/TvuJ2u6TVgI/AAAAAAAACu4/KhQ8Ln1r7Ks/s1600/CCC+Plates+Nose+to+Nose.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" rea="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uZCP2p7j4pw/TvuJ2u6TVgI/AAAAAAAACu4/KhQ8Ln1r7Ks/s200/CCC+Plates+Nose+to+Nose.png" width="159" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
While I’m disappointed to find the two pictures are of different trucks, I can at least draw some inferences from them. It now seems clear that my 8x10 photo is indeed an image from an Arizona CCC camp – how else can you explain the fact that the license plate numbers are just twenty digits apart numerically? Add in the fact that the terrain in each photo is nearly identical and I’d venture that the trucks may very likely have been assigned to the same camp. I suspect there are records held somewhere that will list the license plate numbers for each vehicle by camp, but I’m hard pressed to say where those records might be. The only documents I have encountered that include vehicle license numbers from the CCC are accident reports submitted following vehicle crashes. Perhaps there is something to be explored along those lines but in the meantime, I’ll have to be content to know I haven’t quite tied these loose ends together, but it sure made for some interesting research.<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZS-TgzMOBEk/TvuJq2ttsoI/AAAAAAAACuo/GRlUp7BmYZw/s1600/AZ+CCC+Truck+License+detail.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" rea="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZS-TgzMOBEk/TvuJq2ttsoI/AAAAAAAACuo/GRlUp7BmYZw/s320/AZ+CCC+Truck+License+detail.JPG" width="218" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-13996550244153513622011-11-13T12:51:00.001-08:002011-11-13T13:03:55.023-08:00<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>A New Addition to the CCC Literature Pyramid</strong></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip_oO0ajxEINRkoh2fR7V25jVatbyTWn-Kj8PWPsiW1woOKphJPpEfLqFLYNgLvWlZoyF8Pz6Z7rhPS0vOMwEnepy_cKZuZHL_QgXUhKRenjJGzmm5Veqc6N4ixTFI9i92m4-P_vC3GKQ/s1600/Book+Cover+Final+Crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" nda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip_oO0ajxEINRkoh2fR7V25jVatbyTWn-Kj8PWPsiW1woOKphJPpEfLqFLYNgLvWlZoyF8Pz6Z7rhPS0vOMwEnepy_cKZuZHL_QgXUhKRenjJGzmm5Veqc6N4ixTFI9i92m4-P_vC3GKQ/s320/Book+Cover+Final+Crop.jpg" width="232" /></a>In my mind’s eye, the canon of Civilian Conservation Corps literature is arrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the broad-based scholarly treatments forming the base and the more detailed individual accounts of the work of the CCC stacking up to create the successive levels of the pyramid until it rises to a single representative personal narrative. I suspect that if each of us has our own “CCC Literature Pyramid” then each is slightly different, but for me the base is formed by John Salmond’s The Civilian Conservation Corps and Neil Maher’s Nature’s New Deal and the rising layers formed by Perry Merrill’s Roosevelt’s Forest Army, Kathy Mays-Smith’s Gold Medal CCC Company, and so forth, rising upward to that single account that epitomizes the CCC story. </div>
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And just as the building blocks of each CCC Literature Pyramid are different from person to person, the book that sits atop each pyramid as a representation of the best of the individual personal narratives of life in the CCC differs from person to person as well. For me, Louis Purvis’s The Ace in the Hole rises above all other examples of personal accounts of life in the CCC and thus it sits atop the CCC Literature Pyramid in my mind’s eye, though I never forget the that the canon of CCC literature is built upon the broad based treatments that form the base of the structure.<br />
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If you’ve stuck with me thus far, I thank you, because I do have a point. First, I want to get the notion of the CCC canon of literature and the pyramid concept out there for consideration. Second, the fact that a book about the CCC at Grand Canyon occupies the pinnacle of my CCC Literature Pyramid makes the most recently released CCC history offering all the more exciting and interesting because we now have a broad based history of the work of the CCC at Grand Canyon National Park thanks to retired National Park Service Ranger Robert Audretsch.</div>
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<a href="http://cccbooks.org/index.php">Shaping the Park and Saving the Boys</a> will become one of those building blocks in the CCC literature pyramid that serves to strengthen the larger canon of knowledge while also providing an important focus on CCC work at a specific location – and what location could be more noteworthy than Grand Canyon National Park? </div>
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Robert Audretsch has uncovered some new mysteries even as he shines a light on previously unknown facts about the CCC and its work at Grand Canyon. While touching on aspects of the CCC that are well known and widely covered by previous authors and historians, Audretsch also delves deeply into the details of project work at one of the crown jewels in the National Park system. Shaping the Park and Saving the Boys has a useful combination of scholarly research and popular writing style that make it a book to read for pleasure and retain for research. Granted, some readers may lament the inclusion of so much data from the routine camp inspection reports and similar government documents, but those of us who’ve spent any time at all researching or even thinking about the CCC, know that in many instances, these government reports are all that remain to connect us to the hard, valuable work done nearly eight decades ago. Where else is an author to turn when the boys who performed the work are leaving us at an ever increasing rate? (Bear in mind that CCC enrollees were, on average, older than their younger draftee and enlistee comrades who served in the war that ultimately killed the CCC.)</div>
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If a balanced, engaging narrative style and a robust research and reference component aren’t enough to recommend Shaping the Park and Saving the Boys, add the fact that Audretsch has included a collection of photos and illustrations that are second to none and the book has something for everyone. While a few of the photos have appeared elsewhere in other books and articles on the CCC, it is likely that many of the photos are appearing in print publication for the first time and they haven’t been included merely to serve as window dressing to the narrative. Audretsch uses many of the illustrations to support observations and conclusions made in the text; a technique that may be the only method we have one day when all the living participants to the story are gone and the last primary source material is uncovered. Readers will marvel at the image of CCC Director Fechner sitting astride a Grand Canyon mule, shudder at the notion of climbing to the precarious tip top of a CCC built tree tower, and ponder the images of mixed race CCC squads working and posing together at Grand Canyon in an era when Jim Crow held sway throughout so much of this land. </div>
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Going forward, as the canon of CCC literature grows, we’re likely to find in each new offering that what was old will be new again, over and over and over. Each new book will, of necessity, recite the important background of the CCC and then move on to carefully uncover some unknown or long forgotten aspects of specific CCC work in one state or locale. The better offerings will include more coverage of the site specific history, perhaps at the risk of leaving newcomers in the dark regarding details of the broader CCC program. Shaping the Park and Saving the Boys succeeds in large part because it strikes a good balance between what is old – the broader history of the CCC as a New Deal Program – and what is new – those tantalizing, heretofore unknown or forgotten details of day-to-day Civilian Conservation Corps work at Grand Canyon. Casual readers will enjoy the book both as a primer on the New Deal’s most popular program, and as a portrait of CCC life at Grand Canyon, while researchers will find themselves returning to its pages again and again for useful nuggets in the text as well as within the footnotes.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>This is my first post to CCCRP in some time. I'm hoping to overcome some issues I've had with Blogger so that I can resume posting more new material and perhaps continue the State by State series in the near future.</strong></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-81081980101271667132011-04-11T10:48:00.000-07:002011-04-11T11:01:32.950-07:00Problems with Google BloggerMy goal had been to post a State-By-State entry here at CCCRP every week. I posted last week's entry despite having unresolved formatting problems. I've attempted to post the State-By-State entry for Indiana this morning and find that the same formatting problem exists. I will not continue posting the State-By-State articles until this issue is resolved, either through the Google Blogger system or by re-establishing CCCRP under a different blogging system elsewhere. Because the State-By-State entries rely on columns of numbers and dates, line and paragraph breaks are especially important; otherwise the date just appears on the page in a jumbled mess. I may re-post the Illinois entry over at Forest Army, or I may simply attempt to post the current Indiana entry over at Forest Army. In any event, I'll keep you posted regarding where to find future State-By-State entries going forward. <br /><div align="left">I'm sorry for the interruption. (You'll note that even this entry, made directly into the posting window does not include paragraph breaks. I won't pretend that this is a good way to post information that I feel is useful to CCC researchers and scholars. I'll figure out something else.) </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-28885006868369071312011-04-04T07:27:00.000-07:002011-04-04T15:59:34.903-07:00The CCC State-By-State: Illinois<span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>Note: Google Blogger refuses to properly format this entry so the paragraph breaks and the individual camp totals and project totals are fouled up. I've tried three times to repost this piece to make it read properly but without success. I apologize for the difficulty and I will continue to remedy the formatting problem. Perhaps it's time to change to a different blogging system.</strong></span> Illinois was situated in the Sixth Corps area, along with Michigan and Wisconsin and according to Perry Merrill writing in Roosevelt’s Forest Army, a total of 92,094 individuals worked in the CCC in Illinois, regardless of their state of origin. The Annual Reports give some indication of enrollment totals in the state of Illinois. For example the Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work for fiscal year 1937 breaks out the monthly enrollment totals for Illinois as follows: July 1936: 18,334 August 1936: 17,400 September 1936: 14,368 October 1936: 17,315 November 1936: 16,316 December 1936: 15,554 January 1937: 18,226 February 1937: 17,386 March 1937: 11,127 April 1937: 13,391 May 1937: 12,304 June 1937: 10,890 Remember that these are monthly totals for the number of enrollees who joined the CCC in Illinois – not a total of enrollees actually working in Illinois on a month-to-month basis. In Roosevelt’s Forest Army, Perry Merrill notes that an average of 54 CCC camps operated in Illinois, which is significantly lower than the 70 camps listed in the Annual Report for fiscal year 1937. During roughly that same period (July 1936 through June 1937) the distribution of CCC camps by technical service was reported in the Annual Report as follows: National Forest camps: 8 Private Forest camps: 1 Agricultural Engineering camps: 6 Soil Conservation camps: 27 State Park camps: 27 Military Reservation camps: 1 Merrill’s camp totals for the period ending September 30, 1937 are as follows: National Forest camps: 8 Private Forest camps: 1 Agricultural Engineering camps: 5 Soil Conservation Service camps: 4 State Park camps: 27 Military Reservation camps: 1 Clearly there is a flaw in the data somewhere given that the numbers reported are so significantly different. It doesn’t seem feasible that the Soil Conservation Service lost some 23 camps between the time that the 1937 Annual Report was released and when the camp numbers that Merrill cites came out in September of that year. This is just one example of how difficult it can be to square some of the number totals associated with the Civilian Conservation Corps; heck, historians can’t always agree on how many enrollees actually served in the CCC for that matter. The Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1939 breaks out the average number of camps in Illinois as follows: State Park camps: 20 National Forest camps: 4 Agricultural Engineering camps: 5 Soil Conservation Service camps: 20 It’s interesting to note that this Annual Report includes an error in the total average number of camps in Illinois by technical service. When you total the individual technical service totals you get a total of 49 camps but the total cited in the chart (Appendix H) lists 50 camps in Illinois. Which brings us back to the question of accuracy in the historic record, which may never be completely squared with reality three-quarters of a century after the fact. The 1937 Annual Report also includes a state-by-state list of specific projects accomplished and here are some totals for specific work projects accomplished in Illinois between July 1936 and June 1937. Vehicle bridges: 18 Foot bridges: 15 Horse bridges: 4 Stock bridges: 1 Lookout towers: 3 Trailside shelters: 11 Cabins: 16 Firebreaks: 93.5 miles Fire suppression: 23,779 man-days Emergency wildlife feeding: 2,394 man-days Bear in mind that this is just a snapshot of a single year’s accomplishments. Merrill notes that over the life of the lifetime of the program, the CCC was responsible for the following totals in Illinois alone: Bridges (all types): 394 Trails (all types): 1, 192 miles Trees planted: 32,938,000 It’s interesting to note that if we take the total number of bridges built during fiscal year 1937 (38) and multiply it by 9.5 (the approximate lifespan of the CCC) we get a total of 361 bridges built by the CCC in Illinois, which is pretty close to the total reported in Merrill (394). All told, Merrill estimates that some $36 million in allotments went to dependents of CCC enrollees in Illinois. In 1934 the American Forestry Association published a book entitled Youth Rebuilds: Stories From the C.C.C., which is a collection of personal narratives from CCC enrollees around the nation. Included in the collection is a piece entitled “A Task, A Plan and Freedom,” by James Kidwell, an enrollee in Company 1659 at Rushville, Illinois. Kidwell, who’d spent several years on the “bum” riding freight trains across the country in search of work, was recruited into the CCC by a social worker in Springfield, Illinois and he wrote, in part: My troubles are drowned by hard work. In forestry I have, for the first time, found a profession that appeals to me. So far as freedom is concerned, in what place could I hope to find more isolation from the cares that imprison civilization than in the endless solitudes of the forest? Larry Sypolt’s book Civilian Conservation Corps: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography includes references to source material related specifically to Illinois, including: “An Historical Study of the Civilian Conservation Corps in Illinois,” a Master’s thesis by Frank Mance while a student at Western Illinois University in 1967. Archeology is another field of work that the CCC was occasionally involved with in states across the nation and, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, Illinois is an example of a state where CCC enrollees conducted archeological work. A set of articles in the September 2008 edition of Illinois Antiquity (Vol. 43 Issue 3) details some of the archeological work done by New Deal agencies in Illinois and while the WPA, the Illinois State Museum and the Illinois State Division of Parks performed the bulk of the excavation work, the CCC performed archeological excavations at three locations in Illinois: Abraham Lincoln’s New Salem State Park (Camp DSP-7), Lincoln Log Cabin State Park (Camp SP-58 or perhaps SCS-5) and Pere Marquette Sate Park (Camp SP-9). Reportedly, archeology work at New Salem and Lincoln Log Cabin State Parks was conducted for the most part by untrained CCC enrollees who simply documented the location and size of features. At Pere Marquette State Park a trained graduate student, with the assistance of CCC enrollee George Maynard, worked 12 weeks in the field to document and excavate prehistoric remains that were unearthed by CCC workers digging the foundation for a park lodge building. Sadly, according to the article in Illinois Antiquity, most of the artifacts have been misplaced in the years since they were unearthed in the 1930s. Reportedly, the only significant artifacts from the site are those uncovered during the initial discovery and excavation by the workers who were building the lodge structure. Not surprisingly, the same is true of the work at New Salem. In one of the articles that appeared in the September 2008 issue of Illinois Antiquity, Robert Mazrim noted that “very unfortunately, there is no evidence of any systematic attempt to record and retrieve artifacts during this period, and very few archaeological objects survive.” Mazrim goes on to describe the CCC’s archeological work at New Salem as “a mixed blessing,” because while the work reconstructed a 19th century village that was once home to future president Abraham Lincoln, the work obliterated much of the original town site and the artifacts that were collected have largely been lost or are not particularly useful because of sloppy documentation. (For my part, I don’t blame the CCC enrollees for these sorts of mistakes. The work of the CCC enrollees everywhere, no matter what the work, was only as good as the foremen and supervisors who were in charge of the project. If blame must be placed, let it fall at the feet of those where were in charge at the time.) For a list of Illinois CCC camps you can visit the CCC Legacy website, <a href="http://www.ccclegacy.org/camps_illinois.htm">HERE.</a> For the section of the U.S. Forest Service administrative history of the CCC that includes information on work in Illinois, click <a href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ccc/ccc/chap10.htm">HERE.</a> The April 20, 1935 issue of Happy Days reported on the death of Don Rutherford, an enrollee in Company 613, Marseilles, Illinois, killed while working in a “sand pit.” Just four months later, (August 10, 1935) Happy Days reported on the death of Guy Ellsworth Lagg, an enrollee in Company 639 at Camp Skokie Valley. Lagg was reportedly killed by lighting. The November 2, 1935 issue of Happy Days reported on the death of Mess Steward Cordell Gibson. Gibson, a member of Company 3676 at Lawrenceville, Illinois, was killed in a car crash. As always, the state CCC camp map was taken from a larger map in Cohen’s Tree Army. I simply isolated Illinois and highlighted the camp locations to make it easier to read. To get an idea of the plan and scope of the State-By-State series, read the initial post <a href="http://cccresources.blogspot.com/2010/12/introduction-ccc-state-by-state.html">here.</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-66109920577619247102011-03-28T09:50:00.000-07:002011-03-28T10:34:30.415-07:00The C.C.C. State-By-State: Idaho<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXQnz3Krwd-CgH-fC32R64tdzcczXvBJtaTMRwUWV12yk_nBu-zGjmVQpBLgDYtVdHonqzXZD7ACZJIdejv9jYrEk8uWlORQ7Jjy83dbhxWtBEu4tRoH2be2m3_Rw9fwF4egdg7RntdVk/s1600/Idaho+CCC+Camp+Map.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5589184530336191362" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 197px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXQnz3Krwd-CgH-fC32R64tdzcczXvBJtaTMRwUWV12yk_nBu-zGjmVQpBLgDYtVdHonqzXZD7ACZJIdejv9jYrEk8uWlORQ7Jjy83dbhxWtBEu4tRoH2be2m3_Rw9fwF4egdg7RntdVk/s320/Idaho+CCC+Camp+Map.JPG" border="0" /></a>One need only glance at a CCC camp location map to realize Idaho had a lot of CCC camps and a lot of those CCC camps were Forest Service camps. The Annual Reports also bear this out. For example, Appendix C of <em>The Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work</em> for fiscal year 1937 breaks down the average distribution of CCC camps by state and by technical service. Here’s the average for Idaho for FY1937: <br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div>National Forest camps: 33 </div><br /><div>State Forest camps: 5 </div><br /><div>Private Forest camps: 1 </div><br /><div>Soil Conservation camps: 5 </div><br /><div>State Park camps: 1 </div><br /><div>It should be noted that there is a discrepancy in this particular chart (Appendix C) in that the total number of camps listed for all services is 51 but the total number of camps in Idaho if you simply add up the totals for each service was 45. Likely this is due to the fact that the compiler or editor mistakenly listed the total number of Department of the Interior camps in Idaho as 7, when in fact the number should be just one (the sole State Park camp). </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>While we’re on the subject of camp types in Idaho, let’s look at the distribution of camps by service type for fiscal year 1939. Appendix H of <em>The Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps</em> for fiscal year 1939 breaks down Idaho’s CCC camp distribution like this: </div><br /><div>National Forest camps: 30 </div><br /><div>State Forest camps: 3 </div><br /><div>Private Forest camps: 1 </div><br /><div>Soil Conservation camps: 4 </div><br /><div>Bureau of Reclamation camps: 4 </div><br /><div>State Park camps: 1 </div><br /><div>Division of Grazing camps: 10 </div><br /><div>In this case, the <em>Annual Report</em> seems to be without error, as the total number of camps listed for all services is 53, which matches the total listed individually. </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>Comparing the two years, we see that while the U.S. Forest Service and the state forest each lost camps, Idaho gained a total of 8 camps altogether, in large part due to the establishment of Bureau of Reclamation and Division of Grazing camps. And just what did Idaho gain from the CCC? Thankfully we’ve got Perry Merrill’s book <em>Roosevelt’s Forest Army</em> to turn to for some details, and the camp total seems to compare favorably with the available <em>Annual Reports</em>. Merrill notes that an average of 51 CCC camps operated in Idaho. The aggregate number of Idaho men who gained work as a result of the CCC was 28,074, which included 20,292 junior and veteran enrollees, 1,038 Indian and 6,744 non-enrolled personnel. Merrill also points out that 86,775 individuals from all states worked in Idaho between 1933 and 1942. This means of course that many of the CCC enrollees who worked in Idaho were brought in from other states.</div><br /><div></div><br /><div>Merrill’s list of work accomplishments indicates the CCC built 236 lookout houses and towers, 91 impounding and large diversion dams and that they strung just over 3,000 miles of telephone lines. </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>Let’s take a closer look at individual work accomplishments listed in the <em>1939 Annual Report</em>. The list shows that, among other things, the CCC was responsible for the following improvements in Idaho during fiscal year 1939: </div><br /><div>Vehicle bridges: 31 </div><br /><div>Garages: 10 </div><br /><div>Latrines and Toilets: 47 </div><br /><div>Lookout houses and towers: 18 </div><br /><div>Camp stoves and fireplaces: 68 </div><br /><div>Cattle guards: 202 </div><br /><div>And the report shows that from mid 1938 to mid 1939, the CCC spent an astonishing 20,286 man-days fighting forest fires in Idaho! </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>Comparing just one improvement type – construction of cattle guards – between 1937 and 1939, we might get a snapshot of what it meant to have an increase in the number of Division of Grazing camps between these two reporting periods. In fiscal year 1937 when there were no Division of Grazing camps operating in Idaho, the <em>Annual Report</em> shows that 30 cattle guards were constructed in the state. Two years later, with 10 Division of Grazing camps now operational, the number jumps to 202. (There was also an increase in the number of corrals constructed, with 7 corrals built by the CCC in 1937 compared to 11 corrals built in 1939.) Admittedly, these figures represent a tiny fraction of the statewide work done but comparing them from year to year helps us understand what it meant to have particular technical services working in a state. Fewer Division of Grazing camps in Idaho meant fewer cattle guards and corrals built in Idaho. </div><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5589183803572934882" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 306px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIlv4zfaMWxhMdlLmAdo0BIQR6o4qHeD_1IIUzhBLxUZQsvZ_KScX8ETGH_N7Noz0S0FKPbeCQT51EpU4EMgrOjPJPCttdhexNRwZJRjOvQWjnTEVSl535CZr1Obz8ZPySaTzGNYz_Y30/s320/Appendix+N+1939+Idaho+Detail+top+of+page.JPG" border="0" /> <br /><div></div><br /><div>Comparisons like this are less useful in sizing up the number of man-days spent fighting forest fires. Recall that in the 1938-1939 reporting period, the CCC spent 20,286 man-days fighting forest fires in Idaho. Two years earlier, during the period 1936-1937, the CCC spent more time (26,020 man-days) fighting fires. This might be due to the fact that there were more forestry-related CCC camps in the state during the 1936-37 time frame (five more forestry camps operated in Idaho in FY1937 than in FY1939) but it might also be due to the fact that there were fewer fires to fight one year versus the other, or that crews were better trained two years later and thus fires were brought under control more quickly. What seems clear now is that over the lifetime of the CCC, the United States saw a steady decline in the numbers of acres lost to wildland fire, but that is a topic for another time. </div><br /><div></div><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC71RJ7wf4cnstWIytJyFq1iJrnbCxkdLdtortHc1ms3EnUbeu3LozBc-c_goHFKQagiAoxmCvnSQT1eHtU0y5kb-CAW8Q3jMKv2DqB6q1KkwbiTNpIBovwHi15iq8z12aIFallz8T5-I/s1600/1942+Annual+Rept+Cover001.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5589181865680941474" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 149px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC71RJ7wf4cnstWIytJyFq1iJrnbCxkdLdtortHc1ms3EnUbeu3LozBc-c_goHFKQagiAoxmCvnSQT1eHtU0y5kb-CAW8Q3jMKv2DqB6q1KkwbiTNpIBovwHi15iq8z12aIFallz8T5-I/s200/1942+Annual+Rept+Cover001.jpg" border="0" /></a>The <em>Federal Security Agency Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps for Fiscal Year 1942</em> includes some interesting and detailed summaries of CCC work projects that are often overlooked by current historians. The report includes a section entitled “CCC Camps and the Bureau of Animal Industry.” Turns out there were six Bureau of Animal Industry CCC camps scattered across the United States and one of them was located in Dubois, Idaho. The report explains that the Animal Industry stations were research facilities established for the purpose of finding better breeding, feeding and management practices for domestic farm animals and poultry. Referring specifically to the station at Dubois, Idaho, the report goes on to state: </div><br /><div>"The CCC camps happened to come when the unusual assistance which they could give was sorely needed at several stations. For example, at Dubois, Idaho, a Bankhead-Jones Special Research project had just been added to this Bureau’s regular appropriation for sheep research. This made necessary a two to three-fold expansion in the research facilities at that station. This meant the opening up of additional land, construction of roads and trails, major extensions of the water and sewerage systems, and extensive landscaping around new laboratory buildings and dwellings. Not without such a unit as a CCC camp, bringing its special equipment and its own housing could it have been possible to equip this plant for the enlarged program so quickly with such small cost to the Government, or so smoothly and well." </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>You can access an online listing of Idaho’s CCC camps <a href="http://idahoptv.org/outdoors/shows/ccc/idaho/camps.html">here.</a> (The list is taken from the camp list at the CCC Legacy website.) You’ll note that the Bureau of Animal Industry camps were designated by the letter “A.” </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>The <em>1942 Annual Report</em> also includes mention of Idaho CCC enrollees hired by lumber producers: “Sixty-eight CCC boys were hired from one camp in Idaho by a Boise company in four months and this company had over 500 former CCC’s on their payrolls at Pacific Island bases where the Japanese started hostilities in December 1941.” </div><br /><div></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv-5qFcPpz7bh8Dl6EIztxlqWwxZfbT8oIahoiq-rqzrPQHqP1MYwLY239HGztLcoU2lumEl9Umx812P8G7SjzCkKWecgoTLwJSOf6tLDXPdEO2LmJyShXrAhYvfHmV9k-0jxdOHI6l0o/s1600/Stories+from+the+CCC001.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5589180745824772626" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 174px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv-5qFcPpz7bh8Dl6EIztxlqWwxZfbT8oIahoiq-rqzrPQHqP1MYwLY239HGztLcoU2lumEl9Umx812P8G7SjzCkKWecgoTLwJSOf6tLDXPdEO2LmJyShXrAhYvfHmV9k-0jxdOHI6l0o/s200/Stories+from+the+CCC001.jpg" border="0" /></a> In 1934 the American Forestry Association published a small book entitled <em>Youth Rebuilds: Stories from the C.C.C.</em> The book is a collection of personal narratives written by CCC enrollees across the United States and it includes a story entitled “The Next Ridge to the West,” written by Henry F. Vicinus, an enrollee in Company 1276 at Camp F-48, Clarkia, Idaho. In his life before the CCC, Vicinus was a newspaper reporter and his narrative is especially well written. Here are some excerpts from Vicinus’s story. <br /><div>Vicinus wrote of his struggles before enrolling:</div><br /><div>"Winter came and was little better. The old tuxedo was the first thing to be sold; then the wardrobe trunk, then the camera, all at ten per cent of their value, and finally – my God, what a blow! – the old typewriter. I was no longer a reporter! When “Bel” Hildreth hunted me up to tell me the local CCC quota of men was leaving the next day, he found me on a farm, with my last ragged clothing on my back, and that back nearly broken." </div><br /><div>Concerning his time in a conditioning camp, Vicinus recalled:</div><br /><div>"Camp Dix was a grand scramble. There was kidding, there was bullying, and each man developed his own little defense to it – some by excelling in the art of kidding and bullying, some by evading it with snappy comebacks, some by going “over the hill.” Never will I forget my nervousness when I first walked up to the orderly tent and suggested myself as a clerk. Nor will I forget the home-coming feeling I had when I first sat down to that little three-bank Underwood and started making rosters. There was something to work at, to occupy my mind, and to do well, looking forward to advancement… Neither will I forget the tense expectancy at the prospect of leaving…once we got the orders to leave for Idaho." </div><br /><div>Finally, of his enrollment period in the mountains of Idaho, Vicinus wrote: </div><br /><div>"There is, too, something purgative and expansive about the West. One only need stand by a huge tamarack or white pine, look over the valley below him, and gaze miles and miles away where the hazy mountains rise and fall like the waves of a giant ocean….to feel it…And now…it is time to go back to the old surroundings. I shall return not exactly as I left. I have conquered one world. Why should I cower from another?" </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>To read a section of the online history <em>The Forest Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps</em> that deals with the 9th Corps area and work in Idaho, click <a href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ccc/ccc/chap6.htm">here.</a> </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>Larry Sypolt’s very useful book <em>Civilian Conservation Corps: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography</em> includes references to materials dealing specifically with the CCC in Idaho. In the section on the 9th Corps Area (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Nevada, California and Yellowstone National Park) you’ll see the following source materials listed: </div><br /><div>“The CCC in Idaho,” by Judith Austin, <em>Idaho Yesterdays</em> 27 (Fall 1983). </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>“I’d do it again in a minute!” The Civilian Conservation Corps on the Salmon National Forest, by Michael Crosby, Salmon Idaho, 1997. </div><br /><div></div><br /><div><em>Outdoor Idaho</em>. CCC in Idaho. Documentary film by Pat Metzler and Bruce Reichert, 1999. </div><br /><div></div><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNiumcD9rwJ1il7I58m1FyKoKXH3AfcCzbKMu55s1T0jnFvqZJ8yZ0Yn4SFtLAYjEO7uCCn0Nsw7iJn6xzJULKzHbQsBtlYTXJ_4bHUe9gGAbFDCiAyupRDAlIYGVBpPKnxtVFuueDQF8/s1600/Apr+7%252C+1935+Spokesman-Review+Fatal.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5589177879417055746" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 162px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNiumcD9rwJ1il7I58m1FyKoKXH3AfcCzbKMu55s1T0jnFvqZJ8yZ0Yn4SFtLAYjEO7uCCn0Nsw7iJn6xzJULKzHbQsBtlYTXJ_4bHUe9gGAbFDCiAyupRDAlIYGVBpPKnxtVFuueDQF8/s320/Apr+7%252C+1935+Spokesman-Review+Fatal.jpg" border="0" /></a></div><br /><div>The work of the CCC in Idaho was not without tragedy. The ruggedness of the country, the frequency of forest fires and the impetuousness of youth thrown together far from home, conspired to take the lives of enrollees in a variety of ways. The April 7, 1935 Edition of the <em>Spokesman-Review</em> reported the death of 25-year old Fred Hunter, an enrollee from Company 245, Chatcolet, Idaho. Hunter died of injuries received “when his motorcycle collided with the concrete rail of the overhead bridge near Lapwai…He was badly crushed.” </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>The <em>Spokesman-Review</em> also reported on the death of Oscar Kee, an enrollee at the Avery, Idaho CCC camp. 31-year-old Kee was run over and killed by a tractor in March 1935. </div><br /><div><br /><div>There were also instances of boyish exuberance leading to injury, as was reported in a June 1935 issue of the <em>Spokesman-Review</em>. Under the headline, “Bruiser in CCC Tucked in Jail,” the article states: </div><br /><div>"Six months is sentence given youth who broke boy’s rib in “initiation.” Cortland Rockwell, 19, was given six months in jail here today by Probate Judge M.G. Whitney, on a charge of battery that developed from an “initiation” at the Ludlow creek CCC camp yesterday. Frank Falk, a rookie being initiated, suffered a broken rib and landed in the Fort George Wright hospital at Spokane when the rough play of the enrollees turned into something more than “monkey business.” He resisted and was set upon by the ringleaders of the “degree team,” bossed by Rockwell, it was said. John Machan, 18, held in the Kootenai county jail here overnight, with Rockwell, as a witness, was released after the trial, but Cecil Sowards, 18, also jailed as a witness yesterday, was held for further investigation." </div><br /><div></div><br /><div>Finally, the August 24, 1935 issue of the CCC newspaper <em>Happy Days</em> reported on the death of 19-year old Creath Cupp of Huntington, West Virginia, who was killed in a truck accident near Wallace, Idaho. <em>Happy Days</em> reported that Cupp was from Company 565. A photo of the accident site appeared in the <em>Spokane-Review</em> with the following caption: "One man was killed and more than a dozen were injured when the CCC truck shown here drove down a hillside on the Dobson Pass highway near Wallace early Sunday morning, while it was conveying a group of 24 CCC workers back to camp F-150 at Hawk Ranger station from their Sunday holiday in Wallace. The dead man was Creath Cupp, 19 of Huntington, W. Va. Excessive speed on the sharp turn is blamed for the tragedy."</div><br /><div><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5589177474934732866" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 286px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTtmMZb7xz_WDXNKoSMjHv_Ut7Lk-d0RaPbdB3SLiJqC3mvTP3SQkiAwOajMmymg98coq5X7h5P5c4vJ17zC3-Fr4loEijo5goUANPXyMXwX0s7dWr46-xL72vm0j94CmId8-r2flG174/s400/May+4%252C+1935+Spokane+Chronicle+Fatal+Wreck.jpg" border="0" /></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-87015530547130438772011-03-21T14:46:00.000-07:002011-03-21T16:10:23.886-07:00The C.C.C. State-BY-State: Georgia<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW1u3E1EOUcp4u72KBT81fiuv1PbgXc_KYEmIJ6OXGdiNyC0ImqCUBRsYUlAF49fj0GSTMuQeaMOLK_5_xHtFqVHTRYPMk4pfNWCGASGRJUL3HEB45-JB-t7Zee7N90BUCImmNPQRP62k/s1600/Georgia+CCC+Camp+Map.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5586655697948202914" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 265px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 294px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW1u3E1EOUcp4u72KBT81fiuv1PbgXc_KYEmIJ6OXGdiNyC0ImqCUBRsYUlAF49fj0GSTMuQeaMOLK_5_xHtFqVHTRYPMk4pfNWCGASGRJUL3HEB45-JB-t7Zee7N90BUCImmNPQRP62k/s400/Georgia+CCC+Camp+Map.JPG" border="0" /></a>Georgia was situated in the 4th Corps area along with North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi and Louisiana. The 4th Corps area was commanded by Major General George Van Horn Moseley, who wrote of the CCC: “Though I feel that all of the participating Federal departments – Agriculture, Interior, Labor, and War – have done a fine job, the credit for the wonderful reputation achieved by the Civilian Conservation Corps must go primarily to the lads themselves. I have never seen a finer group of young men. They have met their part of the bargain just one hundred percent, and they have reaped a just reward.” (Moseley's comments appeared as a preface to a 1935 District "E" Annual. It should be noted that Moseley's high opinion of CCC enrollees may not have extended to all enrollees. Salmond refers to him as a "quasi-fascist" and by inference we can assume he may not have been highly in favor of the recruitment of black enrollees into the CCC.)<br /><br />The Federal Security Agency <em>Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps</em> for fiscal year 1942 includes the following detailed reference to CCC work in Georgia on page 48 under the heading Southern Region – Atlanta, Georgia. The entry states:<br />“Largely through the fire control improvements and facilities constructed by the CCC, it has been possible for the State Foresters in the Southern Region to provide fire control for millions of acres of privately owned timber lands that otherwise would have continued to suffer severe damage annually. At the beginning of the CCC program in 1933 there were about 47 million acres in the South receiving fire protection. By January 1, 1942, this had increased to 75 million acres.”<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyhYJQomr3f4IwbDsRBMEN1UYHSMywRm5Y1p4MzWnsxDvujifIBsnf_PQ1NlQmt85kzK4HDRdYWS_b4YNVYujSHDoNHlTeAER9pWl6VQQrJL-tHsBxg9gAUzZWocjxU9ZuZGzq5eu94q8/s1600/CCC+Co+446+D-92-G+Brunswick+GA001.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5586655267275828898" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 165px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyhYJQomr3f4IwbDsRBMEN1UYHSMywRm5Y1p4MzWnsxDvujifIBsnf_PQ1NlQmt85kzK4HDRdYWS_b4YNVYujSHDoNHlTeAER9pWl6VQQrJL-tHsBxg9gAUzZWocjxU9ZuZGzq5eu94q8/s320/CCC+Co+446+D-92-G+Brunswick+GA001.jpg" border="0" /></a><br />No doubt, Georgia garnered its share of important forest protection improvements in the southern United States as well as other valuable work by the creation of the CCC in 1933. Perry Merrill breaks out some of the work totals in his book <em>Roosevelt’s Forest Army</em>. For example, in Georgia, between 1933 and 1942, the CCC strung 3,638 miles of telephone lines, build 425,829 check dams and erosion control features, planted over 22 million trees and spent over 153,000 man-days fighting forest fires. Dependents living in Georgia received over $19 million in allotments from enrollees during that time!<br /><br />As for the aforementioned forest protection work, the CCC erected 500-watt radio transmitters at two sites to improve communication between fire towers and fire crews. Additionally, the CCC built facilities at Timber Protective Organization sites established as part of a state program.<br /><br />Merrill notes that the average number of CCC camps to operate in Georgia was 35 and we can compare this average against camp totals for 1937 and 1939. According to the <em>1937 Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work</em>, in fiscal year 1937 a total of 40 CCC camps operated in Georgia, distributed as follows:<br />National Forest camps: 9<br />Private Forest camps: 10<br />Soil Conservation camps: 9<br />National Monument camps: 2<br />State Park camps: 6<br />Military Reservation camps: 4<br />In fiscal year 1939 the <em>Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps</em> reports that a total of just 27 CCC camps operated in Georgia, distributed as follows:<br />National Park camps: 3<br />State Park camps: 4<br />National Forest camps: 5<br />Private Forest camps: 5<br />Biological Survey camps: 1<br />Soil Conservation camps: 9<br />(It’s interesting to note that between 1937 and 1939 the title of the annual report changed to reflect the program’s change from being called Emergency Conservation Work to Civilian Conservation Corps.)<br /><br />As for enrollment, the <em>Annual Reports</em> also list enrollment totals for 1937 and 1939 that provide a snapshot look at CCC enrollment in Georgia. Georgia’s monthly enrollment totals for fiscal year 1937 stack up like this:<br />July 1936: 12,299<br />August 1936: 11,605<br />September 1936: 9,941<br />October 1936: 12,350<br />November 1936: 11,706<br />December 1936: 11,150<br />January 1937: 12,125<br />February 1937: 11,675<br />March 1937: 9,752<br />April 1937: 10, 593<br />May 1937: 10, 182<br />June 1937: 9, 503<br /><br />The <em>Annual Report</em> for fiscal year 1939 shows a noticeable drop in monthly enrollment in the state of Georgia:<br />July 1938: 9,250<br />August 1938: 8,906<br />September 1938: 8,013<br />October 1938: 9,179<br />November 1938: 8,942<br />December 1938: 8,540<br />January 1939: 9,060<br />February 1939: 8,773<br />March 1939: 5,684<br />April 1939: 8,949<br />May 1939: 8,693<br />June 1939: 7,958<br /><br />The Georgia Department of Natural Resources has a terrific page that lists CCC-built structures in the State Parks that you can still enjoy today. Click <a href="http://www.gastateparks.org/item/157417">here</a> to see the list.<br /><br />There is a short paper on the history of the CCC in Georgia posted at the website of the Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy. Written by Betty van Dongeren in 2007, the paper seems to deal more with the overall history of the CCC with a few references to work in Georgia, but it includes a list of sources and some photos. You can view the paper as a pdf document <a href="http://www.ccclegacy.org/PDF%20Files/CCC%20in%20Georgia.pdf">here.</a><br /><br />Racism in the CCC was not a problem solely in the southern United States, however in the South where Jim Crow laws held sway for decades even after the end of the CCC, the issue of race in the CCC is particularly powerful. John Salmond’s seminal work on the CCC, an online copy of which you can read <a href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ccc/salmond/index.htm">here</a>, includes a chapter titled “The Selection of Negroes.” Salmond makes particular reference to Georgia in the third paragraph of this chapter, writing: “Scarcely had selection [of CCC enrollees] begun, however, when reports from the South indicated that in that desperately poor region local selection agents were deliberately excluding Negroes from all CCC activities. Particularly deplorable were events in Georgia, which had a Negro population of 1,071,125 in 1930, or 36 per cent of the total state population. On May 2, 1933, an Atlanta resident, W.H. Harris, protested to the secretary of labor that in Clarke County, Georgia, with a 60 per cent Negro population, no non-whites had yet been selected for CCC work. Persons, director of CCC selection, immediately demanded an explanation from the Georgia state director of selection, John de la Perriere. The Georgia director blandly replied that all applications for CCC enrolment in Clarke County were “classed A, B and C. All colored applications fell into the classes B and C. The A class being the most needy, the selections were made from same.”<br /><br />Despite further complaints from local groups, like the Atlanta branch of the National Urban League, officials in Washington preferred to remain outside the fray, with the hope that the situation would adjust itself, “without any apparent intervention from Washington.” But as it turned out, such a hands-off approach was not going to work over the long run and Director of CCC Selection Persons again followed up with the director of CCC selections in Georgia (John de la Perriere), this time by telephone. De la Perriere ultimately admitted that blacks were not being selected but denied it was on account of racism but rather, de la Perriere said that, “at this time of the farming period in the State, it is vitally important that negroes remain in the counties for chopping cotton and for planting other produce.” Persons knew better simply by looking at Georgia’s population statistics compared to enrollment of blacks in the CCC. Eventually it took a call to the governor of Georgia and a threat to withhold Georgia’s entire CCC enrollment quota to improve the situation; although one could easily argue that the issue of black CCC enrollment in the South was never fully resolved given that blacks were never represented in the CCC in numbers equal to their percentage of the population.<br /><br />Ultimately, the experience of black enrollees in Georgia and nationwide, must be viewed through the prism of history and judged today as a series of small success that came about despite an overarching attitude of prejudice at the time. While the documentation records scores of vile episodes where blacks were denied the same opportunities in the CCC as their white counterparts, the record also reflects that local communities, in Georgia and nationwide, frequently embraced the all-black CCC companies that moved into their neighborhoods and often fought to keep them. For a longer, more detailed discussion of the African-American experience in the CCC, see the recent post over at <a href="http://forestarmy.blogspot.com/2011/02/blacks-in-ccc.html">Forest Army.</a><br /><br />Larry N. Sypolt’s book <em>Civilian Conservation Corps: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography</em> includes a number of listings for material dealing with the work of the CCC in Georgia, including the following items:<br /><br />“The New Deal and Georgia’s Black Youth,” by Michael S. Holmes in the <em>Journal of Southern History</em> 38 (August 1972), pages 443-460.<br /><br />“The Civilian Conservation Corps and the State Park: An Approach to the Management of the Designed Historic Landscape Resources at Franklin D Roosevelt State Park, Pine Mountain Georgia,” a 1992 University of Georgia Master’s thesis by Lucy Ann Lawliss.<br /><br />Mountaineers and Rangers: A History of the Federal Forest Management in the Southern Appalachians, 1900-81, by Shelley Smith Mastran, published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Washington, DC, 1971.<br /><br />NAACP Legal File: Cases Supported, CCC Boys, 1938-1939, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1988. This particular resource deals with the NAACP’s involvement in the cases of three Black CCC enrollees charged with murder in Georgia.<br /><br />To view a collection of photos related to the work of the CCC in Georgia, visit <a href="http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/vanga/">Vanishing Georgia</a>, the Digital Library of Georgia. Once there, type in “Civilian Conservation Corps” in the search box and be amazed at what you find.<br /><br />For an interesting page on Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park and the location of its CCC camp remnants, visit <a href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM4VF_Kennesaw_Mt_Company_431_Camp_NM_3_1938_1942">Waymarking.com.</a> While you’re there, open the entire folder of waymarked CCC sites and you’ll marvel at the nearly 200 sites listed (to date). While we’re at it, here’s a link to the waymarking page for a CCC built bridge at <a href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6YXF_Bridge_at_Indian_Springs_State_Park_Flovilla_Georgia">Indian Springs State Park, Georgia.</a> This website is particularly interesting and useful if you’re looking for CCC work in your region or neighborhood.<br /><br /><div><div><div></div><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5586654905769079346" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 54px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy7r0bS68NWsWaKiLwszuvAaepAGe2hiU921oTZF4MPGCH9AVRJ0-KYlHNSQmK0MAyP6u4qFhHqn9KtDkFj70MrwZIDgK5hHCgIKU17XK8gcZcrIJbQ71W4Io3TiYe42ppLTk7QRZLsjw/s320/Happy+Days+Masthead.JPG" border="0" /><br />The December 16, 1933 issue of <em>Happy Days</em> reported the death of enrollee Alton Thrasher of Company 456, Robertstown, Georgia, in an automobile accident. The January 19, 1935 issue of <em>Happy Days</em> reported the death of Bill Bruner of Company 1414. Bruner was reportedly killed in a diving accident.</div><div></div><div><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>Sources</strong>: As with all the State-By-State posts, the map was taken from Stan Cohen's <em>Tree Army</em>. I highlighted the camp locations with colored dots for easier reference. The photo is of the Company 446 baseball team at camp D-92-G, Brunswick, Georgia and it also comes from the Cohen book. The <em>Happy Days</em> newspaper masthead was scanned from an original copy in my collection.</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8714866896980980706.post-50627771023775306082011-03-14T11:08:00.000-07:002011-03-14T11:37:42.442-07:00The C.C.C. State-By-State: A Progress Update<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxavUCCwXl2RSatuLtfJ_pyoDDjk4ef1xeDfmqwBrwyoNO_MqKlIqZfHRFPaBnOhTI5kSLYCk2F4stzgwsNuKm_Ky8jl2B-Gh1hXkIioEmGeV5Vd3LxdZ2emJX_dumi95d3l89S0wMY8E/s1600/Stories+from+the+CCC001.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584005412481910882" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 174px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxavUCCwXl2RSatuLtfJ_pyoDDjk4ef1xeDfmqwBrwyoNO_MqKlIqZfHRFPaBnOhTI5kSLYCk2F4stzgwsNuKm_Ky8jl2B-Gh1hXkIioEmGeV5Vd3LxdZ2emJX_dumi95d3l89S0wMY8E/s200/Stories+from+the+CCC001.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>One-Fifth of the Way There</strong><br /><div><div><div>With last week’s posting of the Florida entry in the State-By-State series, we’re roughly 1/5th of the way through the U.S. states and territories. Now might be a good time for me to catch my breath, perhaps update the stated goals and purpose of the series and this may be a good opportunity to point out some changes that have already been made to the individual state entries already posted.</div><br /><div><strong></strong> </div><div><strong>Statistics, Personal Narratives and Illustrations<br /></strong>Initially, I’d made it clear that I planned to rely heavily on the individual summaries of state CCC work found in Perry Merrill’s book <em>Roosevelt’s Forest Army</em> and I’ve done so. However as the postings have progressed, I’ve found that three <em>Annual Reports</em> in my collection are serving as a very useful set of source materials to supplement Merrill’s snapshot of state work. This has had the effect of making the posts a bit heavy on numerical statistics and lighter on individual camp accomplishments, which may not be a benefit to the casual reader, however I’m hoping that the more detailed camp totals, work statistics and enrollment numbers represent data that is largely unavailable to local researchers – especially to high school and undergraduate students – who may be seeking obscure statistical data for papers, reports or presentations. The sort of information that may be boring to most readers will be a boon to the occasional scholar who seeks to include such details in their work. As an extension of this, if you are a scholar who is doing research and you’d like to have scanned images from the <em>Annual Reports</em> that I cite in the State-By-State series, post a comment and let me know how to reach you and I’ll gladly do what I can to get the information to you. (I wouldn’t have called this a “resource” page if I hadn’t intended to share useful – if sometimes mundane – information.)</div><br /><div>Another benefit to using numbers from the <em>Annual Reports</em> as companion data for the project information in <em>Roosevelt’s Forest Army</em> has been the ability to compare Merrill’s “snapshot” of CCC work against the “snapshot” of work shown in the annual reports for 1937, 1939 and to a lesser degree, 1942. The comparisons aren’t meant to validate or discredit Merrill’s numbers, but more to show trends in the program between 1933 and 1942. Merrill’s state work summaries typically list an average number of camps in a state, where the <em>Annual Reports</em> for 1937 and 1939 provide a more detailed breakdown of the camp totals for their respective fiscal year. An average is useful, but I hope that researchers will find it’s also useful to know if the totals for 1937 and 1939 are above or below the average cited by Merrill.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4hBax_e2Sm4egrCEwczXux5BVH5xdiW0nE5AcT5j05xtuYl50JTxCqnswjj0J7TeW6NncUCjAXcaZyEZgExZfx7phdkBF4ZUEkS97HxHa_vRvFvt9cmRgPH2X0B6bG-kBsy4fuFopXEM/s1600/Camp+Drawing+red.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584004924303631922" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 151px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4hBax_e2Sm4egrCEwczXux5BVH5xdiW0nE5AcT5j05xtuYl50JTxCqnswjj0J7TeW6NncUCjAXcaZyEZgExZfx7phdkBF4ZUEkS97HxHa_vRvFvt9cmRgPH2X0B6bG-kBsy4fuFopXEM/s200/Camp+Drawing+red.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div>To offset some of the heavily statistical information in the individual posts, I’m working to include personal histories of CCC enrollees whenever possible, and will go back to add those personal histories to the state’s already posted when necessary. One great source of these personal narratives has been the book <em>Youth Rebuilds</em>, which was published in 1934. I’m also throwing in data on selected cases of CCC fatalities in each state as they become available.<br /><br />Something else that I’ve found as I’ve worked through the first 10 state articles is that photographs aren’t always easily accessible or those photos that may be available are covered in copyright restrictions. I’m not in the habit of pirating images from other sites, so more than likely you’ll find that I include links to sites that have useful or interesting photos of CCC work in particular states, rather than lifting the images from those sites for use here at the CCC Resource Page. Ultimately, visitors here will have to choose whether or not they choose to use images found on linked sites. This issue has become more important to me lately, as I’ve seen some of my own work and images used on other sites without a proper citation (to say nothing of the fact that the user took the material without asking first). With this in mind, visitors here need to keep me honest, too. If you see images or references not properly cited or credited here at the CCC Resource Page, please post a comment explaining the problem so that I can remedy the situation.<br /><br /><strong>Updates to Past Posts</strong></div><div>Since starting the State-By-State series at the first of the year, I’ve revised just two entries: <a href="http://cccresources.blogspot.com/search/label/Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="http://cccresources.blogspot.com/search/label/Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. The Alabama entry was updated to include more information regarding Robert Pasquill’s book <em>The Civilian Conservation Corps in Alabama</em> – specifically its lack of detailed references to racism in the CCC. The Arkansas entry was updated to include a better explanation of monthly enrollment figures. Additionally, I added a brief discussion of racism in the selection and deployment of black enrollees in Arkansas. In both cases, the new information on racism grew out of a post I did in honor of Black History Month over at the <a href="http://forestarmy.blogspot.com/2011/02/blacks-in-ccc.html">Forest Army</a> blog.</div><br /><div>To date, roughly two and a half months into this project, I’ve not had any comments posted regarding the State-By-State series, however it seems that visitor hits are higher lately on average. Please, if you enjoy something you see here, if something was especially helpful to you in your research, if you have questions or need greater detail, or if you wish to offer constructive criticism, please leave a comment and if you need more information, make sure there’s some way I can contact you. My goal with this blog is to create a resource for CCC researchers of all ages, to help grade schoolers, high schoolers and college scholars in their search for information on the Civilian Conservation Corps.<br /><br /><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584002953174196450" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 269px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 69px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6NrFofnaRRqpwQCzxGSWoJKozL2nkODuSR5fbFZlxPQ9edXju_dd1fHCZQA2bmEzmNUZPmLdXJy0enoJevFtNSUYx3GEjFquJFAQElEvJOdCVDmiSwY_PVPmyVGZ_yKMncH4diokttvQ/s400/Border.JPG" border="0" /><br /><br /></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1