The C.C.C. State-By-State: Indiana

In Roosevelt’s Forest Army, Perry Merrill notes that an average of 30 CCC camps operated in Indiana during the lifetime of the program and that some 63,742 men from Indiana were given employment because of the CCC.

State forest work in Indiana was carried out in Clark, Morgan-Monroe, Brown, Harrison, Jackson, Jasper-Pulaski, Dubois, Warrick, Pike, Wells and Orange Counties.

The Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work for fiscal year 1937 reported the monthly enrollment totals for Indiana as follows:

July 1936: 6,020
August 1936: 5,575
September 1936: 4,478
October 1936: 6,346
November 1936: 6,028
December 1936: 5,786
January 1937: 6,882
February 1937: 6,474
March 1937: 4,749
April 1937: 5,788
May 1937: 5,236
June 1937: 4,538
These are monthly totals for enrollments of men from Indiana, not totals for the number of CCC workers actually working in Indiana by month.

The same Annual Report (FY 1937) has a break down of camps by type in Indiana. During that period, Indiana had a total of 41 camps distributed amongst the various technical services as follows:

National Forest camps: 3
State Forest camps: 12
Agricultural Engineering camps: 8
Soil Conservation Camps: 10
State Park camps: 7
Military Reservation camps: 1

Indiana’s sole Military Reservation CCC camp was at Fort Benjamin Harrison, was designated camp Army-1 and, in 1936 was home to Company 3550. The Federal Security Agency Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal year 1942 includes a summary of the type of work that the CCC performed on military reservations and while it does not refer specifically to Indiana, the details are informative. Among the tasks undertaken by CCC enrollees on military reservation land: airport construction, drill fields, tank traps and target construction, firebreaks around magazines, artillery and rifle ranges, observation posts auxiliary water supply systems storage buildings and sheds, camouflage work of all types and excavations for buildings.

Previous posts in the State-By-State series have elaborated on the unhappy reports of enrollee accidents and fatalities that appeared in the CCC newspaper Happy Days. For a change, let’s look at some upbeat news that was reported from various locations in Indiana in the Saturday, May 30, 1936 issue of Happy Days. For example, a short, 3-paragraph piece reported on the rare skill of one enrollee. The un-headlined piece reads:

"Co. 2580, Princeton, Ind., boasts of an enrollee who is literally “one in a million.” He is Johnny Jeffries, who won the national marble tournament in 1931. Census figures are used to confirm the assertion made by one of the camp officials.

In 1931 there were over 1,000,000 boys 12 years old and that Johnny was the one who at Ocean City, N.J., met and defeated the best boy marble players from 47 other states and Canada.

Johnny admitted, in a speech made before the company, that aside from planting a tree upside down he was a pretty good rookie."

The CCC Legacy camp list for Indiana shows that Princeton, Indiana was home to Camp SCS-1, known as Camp Princeton in 1935. Evidently, three years later, the camp was called Camp Seminole, but was still designated SCS-1, and was home to CCC Company 2550-C, an all-black CCC company.

Another Indiana-related article appears in the same section of the May 30, 1936 issue of Happy Days under the headline Oscar, a Squirrel.

"This is about Oscar, a pet squirrel of barrack 3, Co. 2583, English, Ind. He climbs all over the boys and likes to sleep in their jacket pockets. Another favorite place is their sleeves where he sleeps at the elbows.

Oscar usually gets angry when taken from his warm shelter and will vent his displeasure by little engaging growls. He will run to any hand or waving finger expecting to find a nut in them – he usually does. If you try to take away his nut, again the puny growls come forth. Of course, he frisks along the rafters as you would expect all good little squirrels to do."

The CCC Legacy camp list for Indiana shows that English, Indiana was home to Camp F-5-I and confirms that it was indeed home to Company 2583.

Another article reported the dedication of a new park entrance at Clifty Falls State park in Madison, Indiana. The governor of Indiana, Paul V. McNutt gave the keynote speech to dedicate Guthrie Entrance, named in honor of Senator Guthrie, the first chairman of the Indiana State Conservation Commission. The park entrance was built by enrollees from Company 1597 under the leadership of project superintendent John B. Clifford and commanded by Lt. Robert C. Hubbard. The ceremony was attended by the 84-year old Senator Guthrie who was accompanied by his three grandchildren who unveiled the bronze plaque.

To visit the Clifty Falls State Park website, click here.

(Note:  I managed to figure out how to resolve the formatting problem here, by switching to Blogger's "recommended" format.  Unfortunately, the new format includes so many new bells and whistles that I find I'll have to go back and re-learn everything in order to post decent content.  For example, I am now unable to post more than one image for some reason.  I don't have time to start completely over so I'm afraid the posts here will have to stop while I try to figure out how to make the posts work properly.  I feel really bad about this because I'd dedicated myself to getting all the State-By-State entries made through out 2011, but now it doesn't look like I'll be able to follow through on that goal.  For the record, I think that Google has just made their Blogger better for people who have nothing else to do in life but blog.  Unfortunately, for the rest of us, they've simply made it more difficult to share valuable content easily while at the same time attending to life's many other obligations.)

State-By-State: Louisiana

For an explanation of the State-By-State series, click here.

To view previous State-By-State articles, click on the “State By State” link under the "Labels" listed to the left.

Situated in the 4^th Corps Area, Louisiana was home to a wide range of CCC camps.  Perry Merrill notes that an average of 30 CCC camps operated in Louisiana between 1933 and 1942, with some 51,225 individuals working in the state, regardless of their state of origin.

The Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work for fiscal year 1937 reported that the total enrolled strength in Louisiana by month was as follows:

July 1936:  6,989                               

August 1936:  6,662

September 1936:  5,483

Work crew, Company 4408, Camp SCS-3, Homer, Louisiana

October 1936:  6,625

November 1936:  6,437

December 1936:  6,242

January 1937:  6,795

February 1937:  6,573

March 1937:  5,547

April 1937:  6,572

May 1937:  6,271

June 1937:  5,798

During that same fiscal year, a total of 6,869 enrollees were enrolled in Louisiana, though as we know, not all of them remained in Louisiana; odds are some were shipped out to work in other states.  Some specific work undertaken by CCC enrollees in Louisiana in fiscal year 1937 included:

New Buildings: 262

Firefighting crew, Camp F-5, Company 5406
Dry Prong, Louisiana

Garages: 202

Earthen Dams:  44,490 cubic yards

Fighting Forest Fires:  12,495 man days

Mosquito Control:  210 acres

Insect Pest Control:  775 acres

 

What about specific camp information you might ask.  It is fortunate that there exists an Official Annual of District “E’ Fourth Corps Area that lists accounts of the work of some 68 camps in Louisiana and Mississippi.  In the Annual’s “History of District E” section, the command history of the District is spelled out in great detail and it is interesting to note that the District was initially established under the command of Major Gooding Packard in May, 1933.  However, the District history goes on to report that in September, 1934, Major Packard was replaced by Lt. Col. Leslie J. McNair of the 4^th Field Artillery who was in command of the District only a short time before he was promoted to colonel and ordered to report to Washington, DC to serve on the staff of the Field Artillery Division there.  Students of World War II history and those eager to learn where CCC officers wound up after the U.S. entered the war will find it interesting, albeit very tragic, to learn that Lieutenant General Leslie McNair was killed by U.S. bombs dropped as part of Operation Cobra, the effort to dislodge German defenses near St. Lo, France on July 25, 1944.



Col. Thomas D. Osborne and Headquarters Staff, Fourth Corps Area, District "E", 1935

It would seem that, in accordance with racial segregation prevalent at the time, the 1935 District “E” Annual is divided by race, with the all black, African-American CCC companies relegated to the rear of the book.  Among the companies listed there, is Company 3498, assigned to camp Army-1-L at Barksdale Field, Louisiana under Lieutenant James C. Barlow.  Often, if a local community expressed opposition to having an all-African-American (“Colored”) CCC company stationed nearby, the federal government would respond by finding work for the Colored company on a nearby military base and it is possible that Barksdale Field was the beneficiary of just such an arrangement.  The work of Company 3498 is described in the 1935 District Annual:

“Road building to the airport proper and over the reservation has been a major work of the Using Service.  Emergency landing fields are also being built.  A saw mill is operated to utilize the timber being cleared from the roads, and landing fields.  Some of this lumber is used in making bridges.  A great portion of it is used each week to construct targets for the planes on the ranges.  Targets do not last long when bombed by a group of planes in practice.”

Company 3498, Camp Army-1, Barksdale Field, Louisiana

The Annual goes on to report:  “As evidence of the training and pleasant conditions existing in this company the following observations may be made:  The average weight of enrollees was increased 20 pounds the first 60 days; every man re-enrolled on October 1^st; not a single fist fight or other brawl has taken place during life of the camp; played baseball during season; men engage in boxing; men have an orchestra with company instruments.”

Another all-African-American CCC company was assigned to work on Barksdale Field during this period.  Company 3499 was assigned to camp Army-2-L at Barksdale Field.  According to the 1935 Annual, the camp was located a quarter mile from Bodcau Station near the I.C Railroad.  The camp was established by an initial cadre of 15 white enrollees from Company 1440, Marion, Louisiana, 125 colored enrollees from Baton Rouge and nearby communities and an additional 50 colored enrollees from Lafayette and adjoining parishes.  The objectives for Company 3499, according to the Annual, included the improvement of Barksdale Reservation by 1) building 25 miles of gravel roads, 2) building of 25 miles of dirt road with bridges, 3) building of two emergency landing fields and gun ranges, 4) planting of 1000 pecan trees on highways in the reservation, 5) building fire prevention roads and fire breaks, 6) giving proper drainage to the entire 22,000 acres.

Camp L-73-L at Marksville, Louisiana in Avoyelles Parish was home to Company 1481 according to the 1935 District Annual.  The camp was actually situated 6 miles north of Marksville “in the little village of Moncla, on the banks of the Red River.”  Company 1481 was a “Colored” company as well, with white officers and foremen.  The educational advisor for the company was African American.

In Morehouse Parish, Bastrop, Louisiana was home to camp SP-4-L, where Company 478 was stationed in 1935.  Here, so the narrative goes, a group of CCC boys from Georgia became a bit homesick because of a stretch of dismal weather at Bastrop which was not like the bright sunshine they’d left behind in Georgia.  The narrative goes on to say that the boys were cheered up immensely by “a big Thanksgiving dinner prepared under the careful direction of the Assistant Mess Inspector, Second Lt. Bryce Alexander, 348^th Infantry.  The members were ‘just kids’ again as they sat down to the appetizing meal that made their away from home Thanksgiving complete.”

Jonesboro, Louisiana in Jackson Parish was home to Company 4413 at camp SCS-8-L during 1935.  The camp was under the command of Captain Stanton A. Hall with Ensign F.E. Johnstone serving as Executive Officer.  The District Annual refers to this camp as “Camp Colvin” and records that it was established on August 2, 1935 with an initial detail of 139 men from New Orleans and its suburbs.  After being confined to camp for two weeks, the enrollees were put into the field “to conserve the soil of the District..” and “For many of these boys, it was their first experience with pick and shovel and you should have seen how they handled them for a few days.”  A highlight of the period was the Jackson Parish Fair, held at the camp from October 16^th to the 19^th, during which time more than 8,000 people visited the camp.  “Everyone seemed to like the Camp and it gained some mighty good publicity and made friends of people from whom co-operation is needed to make the Soil Conservation project a success.  All the credit for the success of the Fair belongs to the excellent company commander, Capt. Stanton A. Hall.  He was the ‘daddy’ of the Fair.”

In 1935, Company 5408 was assigned to the CCC SCS-1-L at Minden, Louisiana in Webster Parish, under Lieutenant H.A. Strickland, commanding officer and Lieutenant C.A. Harris, executive officer.  The narrative camp history reports that the enrollees in Company 5408 had an array of diversions to keep them busy, including an educational program that offered course work in typing and wood working as well as recreational activities such as baseball, boxing, ping pong, horseshoes, billiards, shuffleboard, volleyball, checkers, basketball and bowling as well as books, newspapers and magazines.  Nevertheless, the company history reports that “many of the boys have fallen victims of the dreaded ‘acute homesickness, and the song ‘Two Tickets to Georgia’ has been so popular that the original 198 dwindled to 128 men.”

Other notable events and accomplishments reported in the 1935 District “E” Annual include:

The company history for Company 1476 at camp F-1-L, Pollock, Louisiana, reported that camp exchange officer Lieutenant  Eugene Paletz directed the construction of a “Woodrow Wilson Heart” in the center of camp as “ a reminder of the love and esteem for the late president after whom the camp is named, Woodrow Wilson.”

On Labor Day, 1935, Company 4421 at camp L-SCS-18, Mount Hermon, Louisiana, hosted a chicken dinner to which were invited the citizens of the surrounding communities.  A U. S. congressman attended the event during which the camp was renamed “Camp Sanders,” and the mess hall and recreation building dedicated as “Melvin Smith Hall and Oscar James Hall” respectively.  Enrollees Smith and James were killed I a bus accident while traveling home on a weekend pass. 

Author’s Ren and Helen Davis provide a glimpse of long-term state park impact of the work of the CCC in Louisiana in their book Our Mark on This Land (2011).  At Chemin-A-Haut State Park near Bastrop, enrollees created a wooded park that overlooks Bayou Bartholomew and the lodge there is host to a CCC exhibit.  At Chicot State Park near Ville Platte, the CCC constructed a dam and spillway structure as well as picnic shelters and a group camp dining hall.  Fountainebleau State Park, on Lake Ponchartrain was established in 1936 and developed by CCC enrollees.  Here visitors will still see the park entry structures and roads built by the enrollees, as well as trails and historic structures.

Here are additional images taken from the 1935 Official Annual of District “E,” Fourth Corps Area Civilian Conservation Corps:

Survey crew, Company 4411, Camp SCS-6
Calhoun, Louisiana

Company 4414 enrollees in a stake bed truck.
Camp SCS-9, Mansfield, Louisiana

 

Camp F-5, Dry Prong, Louisiana

A friendly boxing match at Camp F-5, Dry Prong, Louisiana

 

Enrollees from Company 4491, Camp SCS-21, Keithville, Louisiana

SOURCES

Davis, Ren & Helen, (2011), Our Mark on This Land: A Guide to the Legacy of the Civilian Conservation Corps in America’s Parks, The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company.

Official Annual for District E for 1935, Direct Advertising Company, Baton Rouge, LA.

Merrill, Perry H, Roosevelt’s Forest Army, 1981, Perry H. Merrill, Publisher.

U.S. Government Printing Office, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1937.

Copyright, 2014, Michael I. Smith